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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 3.

Published in final edited form as: Gait Posture. 2019 Mar 14;70:376–382. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.02.034

Table 1.

Participant characteristics.

	Novice n = 10	Intermediate n = 11	Experienced n = 17
Personal Characteristics
Age (years)	34.9 ± 8.5	30.0 ± 11.0	39.7 ± 9.7
Body Mass (kg)	66.4 ± 10.2	70.7 ± 11.7	75.2 ± 11.3
Height (m)	65.7 ± 5.7	69.3 ± 3.6	70.1 ± 4.0^a
Reported Pace (m/s)	3.1 ± 0.4	3.5 ± 0.3^a	3.3 ± 0.3^a
Running experience (years)	1.9 ± 0.8	5.6 ± 1.6^b	17.3 ± 8.2^a
Relative experience (yrs/age)	0.05 ± 0.02	0.2 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.2
Training Habits
Running days per week	4.4 ± 1.2	4.6 ± 1.5	4.5 ± 1.1
Running months per year	9.6 ± 3.2	10.8 ± 1.5	11.2 ± 1.3
Running volume per week (km)	32.5 ± 14.6	51.5 ± 24.6	50.2 ± 22.0
Distance races per year	2.8 ± 1.3	6.2 ± 1.6	6.3 ± 5.4
Baseline Gait Dynamics
Velocity (m/s)	2.71 ± 0.41	2.97 ± 0.47^a	2.96 ± 0.52^a
Stride length (m)	0.03 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.01^a
Stride time (s)	0.74 ± 0.04	0.73 ± 0.05^a	0.73 ± 0.05^a
Step rate (spm)	162.3 ± 7.3	166.5 ± 11.2^a	165.2 ± 9.6^a
Contact time (s)	0.29 ± 0.04	0.27 ± 0.03	0.29 ± 0.05
Flight time (s)	0.45 ± 0.04	0.46 ± 0.05^b	0.44 ± 0.04

spm = steps per minute.

^a

Significant difference from novice group (p < 0.05).

^b

Significant difference from experienced group (p < 0.05).