Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Characteristic | Low Risk (n = 31) | High Risk (n = 28) | Statistics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M | SD | N | M | SD | Test | p value | |
| Age | 18.4 | 0.6 | 18.6 | 0.6 | t-test | 0.23 | ||
| Sex |
20 f 11 m |
16 f 12 m |
Chi-square | 0.56 | ||||
| Ethnicity | 31 Caucasian | 26 Caucasian, 1 Haitian, 1 Caucasian-Hispanic | ||||||
| Years of education | 12.1 | 0.6 | 11.7 | 1.3 | t-test | 0.13 | ||
| Externalizing traits | 0.5 | 0.3 | 2.4* | 0.6 | t-test | <0.001 | ||
| AUDIT | 4 | 2.6 | 5.9* | 4.2 | t-test | 0.036 | ||
| Alcohol age on onset | 31 | 15.2 | 2.0 | 28 | 14.1 | 2.7 | t-test | 0.059 |
| Alcohol, lifetime occasions | 31 | 77 | 84 | 28 | 121 | 149 | t-test | 0.18 |
| Alcohol, lifetime bingesa | 27 | 16 | 26 | 26 | 56* | 89 | t-test | 0.03 |
| Chi-square | 0.465 | |||||||
| Cigarette smokers | 2b | 3c | Chi-square | 0.56 | ||||
| Cannabis, lifetime occasions used | 19 | 54 | 180 | 22 | 380* | 580 | t-test | 0.016 |
| Chi-square | 0.15 | |||||||
| Cannabis, age of onset | 19 | 16.2 | 1.2 | 22 | 15.5 | 1.5 | t-test | 0.093 |
| Cannabis use within the past month | 0 | 8* | Chi-square | 0.001 | ||||
| Positive THC screen | 0 | 5* | Chi-square | 0.014 | ||||
| Amphetamine, lifetime occasions used | 0 | 6* | 65.8 | 112 | t-test | 0.19 | ||
| Chi-square | 0.007 | |||||||
| Cocaine, lifetime occasions used | 2 | 4 | 4.2 | 8* | 17.4 | 36.5 | t-test | 0.23 |
| Chi-square | 0.024 | |||||||
| MDMA, lifetime occasions used | 2 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 9* | 18.1* | 37.1 | t-test | 0.014 |
| Chi-square | 0.011 | |||||||
| Psilocybin, lifetime occasion used | 3 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 8 | 1.8 | 0.9 | t-test | 0.53 |
| Chi-square | 0.063 | |||||||
| LSD, lifetime occasions used | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | t-test | 0.61 | ||
| Chi-square | 0.94 | |||||||
| Ketamine, lifetime occasions used | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | t-test | 0.12 | |
| Chi-square | 0.25 | |||||||
| GHB, lifetime occasions used | 0 | 3 | 1.7 | 1.2 | t-test | 0.13 | ||
| Chi-square | 0.06 | |||||||
| Opiates, lifetime occasions used | 0 | 1 | 2 | t-test | 0.33 | |||
| Chi-square | 0.29 | |||||||
| Drug Use (excluding cannabis), lifetime occasions | 4 | 8.3 | 10.9 | 11* | 66.6 | 131.4 | t-test | 0.14 |
| Chi-square | 0.02 | |||||||
| Current SUD | 0 | 6d* | Chi-square | 0.014 | ||||
| Current DSM-5 disorder other than SUD | 0 | 5e* | Chi-square | 0.007 | ||||
| Current or past DSM-5 disorder | 1f | 14g* | Chi-square | <0.001 | ||||
| SURPS Impulsivity | 31 | 9.0 | 2.6 | 26 | 11.5* | 2.9 | t-test | 0.001 |
| SURPS Hopelessness | 31 | 11.4 | 2.7 | 26 | 12.7 | 3.9 | t-test | 0.14 |
| SURPS Anxiety sensitivity | 31 | 9.5 | 3.1 | 26 | 10.2 | 2.3 | t-test | 0.31 |
| SURPS Sensation Seeking | 31 | 16.3 | 4.2 | 26 | 16.8 | 3.6 | t-test | 0.7 |
| BIS Attention | 31 | 14.1 | 3.4 | 26 | 16.4* | 3.0 | t-test | 0.01 |
| BIS Motor | 31 | 18.3 | 3.1 | 26 | 21.6* | 4.0 | t-test | 0.001 |
| BIS Non-planning | 31 | 22.0 | 4.2 | 26 | 25.2* | 3.9 | t-test | 0.005 |
| BIS total | 31 | 54.5 | 7.8 | 26 | 63.2* | 8.0 | t-test | <0.001 |
| SPSRQ Reward sensitivity | 30 | 8.5 | 3.0 | 27 | 10.8* | 4.5 | t-test | 0.03 |
| SPSRQ Punishment sensitivity | 30 | 9.6 | 4.8 | 27 | 11.9 | 5.0 | t-test | 0.08 |
AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, THC tetrahydrocannabinol, MDMA 3,4-methyl enedioxy methamphetamine, LSD lysergic acid diethylamide, GHB gamma-hydroxybutyrate, SUD Substance Use Disorder, FTND Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, SURPS Substance Use Risk Profile Scale, BIS Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, SPSRQ Sensitivity to Punishment Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire.
*significantly different from the low risk group using independent t-test with equal or unequal variance as appropriate or Chi-square, p < 0.05.
t-tests were run to test for differences in lifetime occasions including all participants. Chi-square was used to test for differences in proportion of individuals who ever used the substance.
aFour or more drinks for women, five or more for men.
bTwo regular smokers (FTND > 2).
cOne regular, two occasional social (FTND = 0) and two past smokers.
dMild alcohol use disorder, n = 2; cannabis use disorder, n = 3; amphetamine use disorder, n = 1.
eADHD, n = 1; ADHD and panic disorder, n = 1; dyslexia, n = 2; persistent depressive disorder, n = 1.
fPast major depressive disorder (MDD).
gCurrent and past ADHD, n = 1; dyslexia and past ADHD, n = 2; current persistent depressive disorder, n = 1; current mild alcohol use disorder (AUD), n = 1; current mild AUD and past mild binge eating disorder, n = 1; current mild cannabis use disorder, n = 1; current moderate cannabis use and past conduct disorder, n = 1; current cannabis use disorder, current panic disorder, current and past ADHD, past MDD and past AUD, n = 1; current moderate amphetamine use disorder and past moderate cannabis use disorder, n = 1; past MDD, n = 1; past ADHD, n = 1; past adjustment disorder with depressed mood, n = 1; past MDD, past adjustment disorder and past panic disorder, n = 1.