Fig. 1. Cartoon depicting various representative molecules in the Ca²⁺ channel complex that regulate Ca²⁺ transfer at mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs).

ER endoplasmic reticulum, IMM inner mitochondrial membrane, OMM outer mitochondrial membrane, MFN1/2 mitofusin 1/2, MCU mitochondrial calcium uniporter, NCLX Na⁺/Ca²⁺/Li⁺ permeable exchanger, VDAC1 voltage-dependent anion channel, IP3R inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor, GRP75 chaperone 75 kDa glucose-regulated protein, FUNDC1 FUN14 domain containing 1, Sig-1R the sigma-1 receptor, PTPIP51 protein tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein 51, and VAPB vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B.