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. 2020 Nov 2;10:18860. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75820-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neural activity related to choice and outcome. (a) Sample neurons coding the animal’s choice [C(t)] during the memory stage (left) or choice outcome [R(t)] during the reward stage (right). Orange and light blue dashed lines, onset times of the reward and memory stages, respectively. (b) Population data showing temporal profiles of choice and outcome signals during the memory and reward stages. Shown are fractions of neurons significantly responsive to a given variable (500-ms sliding window advanced in 50-ms steps; n = 78 ACC, 160 PLC, and 60 ILC units). Cyan, ACC; orange, PLC; purple, ILC. Filled circles, actual data; empty square, trial-shifted data (control). Light orange and light blue dashed lines, mean onset times (averaged across all sessions) of the reward and memory stages, respectively. Colored squares/bars on top, significant differences (permutation test, p < 0.05) between the original and trial-shuffled data. Inset, fractions of choice-coding neurons during the memory and reward stages (first 1 s each).