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. 2020 Nov 2;10:18860. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75820-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neural activity related to action value and chosen value. (a) Sample neurons coding left action value (Q_L). Trials were grouped into quartiles of left action value. Light blue dashed line, onset time of memory stage for the corresponding session. (b) Population data showing temporal profiles of neural signals for left action value (Q_L), right action value (Q_R), and chosen value (Q_C) around the onset of reward stage (time 0). Shown are fractions of neurons significantly responsive to a given variable (500-ms sliding window advanced in 50-ms steps). Light blue dashed line, mean onset time of memory stage. Cyan, ACC; orange, PLC; purple, ILC. Filled circles, actual data; empty square, trial-shifted data (control). Black squares/bars on top, significant differences (permutation test, p < 0.05) between the original and trial-shuffled data. (c) Action value and chosen value signals during the first 1 s of the reward stage. Filled bars, actual data; empty bars, trial-shifted data (control). FON, fraction of neurons. *Significant difference between the actual and trial-shifted data (p < 0.05, permutation test).