Fig. 2. Action verbs link with observed actions.

(A) Across-format and within-format classification of manipulative actions. x-axis labels indicate the formats used for classifier training and testing (e.g., for across format, train→test). Dots = single-session result. Rectangle = 95% bootstrapped CI over sessions. Gray (red): values for matched (mismatched) labels across formats (see inset for definitions). Dashed horizontal lines show within-format cross-validated accuracy (mean across single-session results). All comparisons with chance performance (dashed line) or shuffled alignment reached significance (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P < 0.05). (B) Similar to (A) but for EGS. Cross-format classification significant between all visual formats and between visual and text formats when pooling visual formats (see bar with asterisk). (C) Correlation of neural population responses across pairs of formats. Conventions as in (A). (D) Same as (C) for participant EGS (black horizontal bar indicates data that were pooled for statistical testing). (E) Pairwise population correlation while controlling for additional formats using partial correlation. Resulting correlations are above chance (part corr = 0) but below standard correlation values (mean = red diamonds). (F) Same as (E) for participant EGS.