Table 2. Pain AUs selected by the Co-Occurrence method for experimental data.
| Experimental Data Pain AUs with Co-Occurrence Method | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OWS (sec) |
α | Ear Rotator (EAD104) |
Half Blink (AU47) |
Nostril Dilator (AD38) |
Inner Brow Raiser (AU101) |
Chin Raiser (AU17) |
Eye White Increase (AD1) |
Lip Presser (AU24) |
Blink (AU145) |
Sharp Lip Puller (AU113) |
Ears Forward (EAD101) |
Chewing (AD81) |
Upper Lid Raiser (AU5) |
Nostril Lift (AUH13) |
Tongue Show (AD19) |
Lip Pucker (AU18) |
| 2 | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| 0.3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| (p<0.01) | (p<0.01) | (p<0.001) | (p = 0.720) | (p<0.001) | (p = 0.372) | (p = 0.660) | (p = 0.266) | (p = 0.131) | (p<0.001) | (p<0.05) | (p = 0.258) | |||||
| 5 | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 0.3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| (p = 0.055) | (p<0.01) | (p<0.001) | (p = 1.000) | (p<0.001) | (p = 0.582) | (p = 0.236) | (p = 0.695) | (p = 0.292) | (p = 0.277) | (p<0.01) | (p<0.05) | (p = 0.437) | ||||
| 10 | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 0.3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| (p = 0.123) | (p<0.01) | (p<0.001) | (p = 0.928) | (p<0.01) | (p = 0.712) | (p = 0.363) | (p = 0.517) | (p = 0.344) | (p = 0.225) | (p<0.05) | (p = 1.000) | (p<0.05) | (p = 0.442) | |||
| 15 | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 0.3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| (p = 0.160) | (p<0.05) | (p<0.01) | (p = 0.740) | (p<0.01) | (p = 0.895) | (p = 0.415) | (p = 0.701) | (p = 0.399) | (p = 0.240) | (p = 0.058) | (p = 0.811) | (p = 0.066) | (p = 0.260) | |||
| 20 | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| 0.3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| (p = 0.270) | (p<0.05) | (p<0.05) | (p = 0.586) | (p<0.05) | (p = 1.000) | (p = 0.581) | (p = 0.339) | (p = 0.504) | (p = 0.342) | (p = 0.104) | (p = 0.662) | (p = 0.266) | (p = 0.107) | (p = 0.389) | ||
| 30 | 0.5 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 0.3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| (p = 0.175) | (p<0.05) | (p = 0.068) | (p = 0.920) | (p = 0.098) | (p = 0.656) | (p = 0.733) | (p = 0.530) | (p = 0.732) | (p = 0.621) | (p = 0.229) | (p = 0.903) | (p = 0.296) | (p = 0.229) | (p = 0.415) | ||
Values in parenthesis show p-value using paired t-test for mean values. The threshold values are set to include AUs that are above the mid-range value (α = 0.5), as well as above the lower third range value (α = 0.3), for change in relative co-occurrence.