Table 2. Meta-analyses of sociodemographic and clinical potential predictors of in-hospital mortality.
| Potential predictor | Studies, n | Total patients, n | Non-survivors, n (% exposed) | Survivors, n (% exposed) | Pooled odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms and signs (yes/no) | |||||||
| Dyspnoea | 10 | 7577 | 1545 (63.5) | 6032 (40.4) | 2.54 (1.84, 3.50)* | <0.001 | 80.8 |
| Fatigue | 9 | 5884 | 954 (35.1) | 4930 (22.1) | 1.30 (0.59, 2.87) | 0.52 | 94.4 |
| Fever | 17 | 10665 | 2069 (63.3) | 8596 (63.5) | 0.78 (0.64, 0.95)* | 0.013 | 53.2 |
| Myalgia | 9 | 6608 | 1114 (19.2) | 5494 (22.3) | 0.77 (0.36, 1.64) | 0.50 | 92.8 |
| Cough | 15 | 11911 | 2121 (62.6) | 9790 (67.3) | 0.74 (0.61, 0.91)* | 0.003 | 63.7 |
| Vomiting | 6 | 5361 | 879 (7.7) | 4482 (10.3) | 0.60 (0.40, 0.89)* | 0.011 | 32.0 |
| Diarrhoea | 12 | 9491 | 1846 (10.0) | 7645 (15.8) | 0.61 (0.45, 0.82)* | 0.001 | 54.3 |
| Headache | 9 | 7384 | 1417 (8.6) | 5967 (14.2) | 0.52 (0.30, 0.90)* | 0.020 | 74.9 |
| Chronic condition (yes/no) | |||||||
| Obesity | 17 | 20289 | 6885 (14.2) | 13404 (17.1) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 0.53 | 82.9 |
| Smoking habit | 23 | 18844 | 4436 (19.3) | 14408 (16.2) | 1.55 (1.24, 1.96)* | <0.001 | 73.1 |
| Unspecified comorbidity | 13 | 7644 | 1412 (77.7) | 6232 (43.6) | 4.70 (3.19, 6.91)* | <0.001 | 77.3 |
| Stroke | 5 | 1310 | 228 (14.9) | 1082 (4.3) | 4.15 (1.80, 9.59)* | 0.001 | 45.5 |
| Kidney disease | 30 | 25413 | 7746 (14.8) | 17667 (6.7) | 3.20 (2.52, 4.06)* | <0.001 | 75.8 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 32 | 27052 | 7642 (30.8) | 19410 (14.0) | 2.98 (2.51, 3.53)* | <0.001 | 75.9 |
| Hypertension | 37 | 21388 | 4963 (61.4) | 16425 (39.8) | 2.61 (2.19, 3.17)* | <0.001 | 79.0 |
| Malignancy | 22 | 12687 | 2635 (15.8) | 10052 (6.9) | 2.36 (1.77, 3.15)* | <0.001 | 54.3 |
| Diabetes | 38 | 25498 | 5673 (33.8) | 19825 (20.4) | 2.12 (1.79, 2.52)* | <0.001 | 77.9 |
| Pulmonary disease | 31 | 24748 | 7848 (13.3) | 16900 (7.5) | 2.00 (1.39, 2.88)* | <0.001 | 88.0 |
| Liver disease | 13 | 13617 | 4432 (2.5) | 9185 (2.7) | 1.80 (1.35, 2.39)* | <0.001 | 6.2 |
* p-value <0.05.