Table 2.

Determinants of incident AKI and need for dialysis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Characteristic	AKI (n=91)		RRT (n=25)
	OR (95% CI)	P Value	OR (95% CI)	P Value
Model 0: clinical characteristics
Age, per 10 yr	0.91 (0.71 to 1.15)	0.42	0.56 (0.37 to 0.86)	0.007
Male	3.00 (1.65 to 5.46)	<0.001	1.77 (0.65 to 4.82)	0.27
Black	1.99 (0.88 to 4.46)	0.10	3.77 (0.58 to 24.43)	0.16
Institution (United States versus Europe)	0.57 (0.30 to 1.08)	0.08	14.49 (2.40 to 87.58)	0.004
BMI, per 5 kg/m2	1.03 (0.83 to 1.27)	0.80	0.91 (0.61 to 1.36)	0.66
Diabetes mellitus	1.46 (0.78 to 2.72)	0.24	2.30 (0.80 to 6.58)	0.12
Hypertension	1.13 (0.59 to 2.14)	0.72	1.53 (0.48 to 4.87)	0.47
Coronary artery disease	0.74 (0.29 to 1.92)	0.54	0.61 (0.11 to 3.47)	0.57
Congestive heart failure	1.35 (0.51 to 3.58)	0.55	0.76 (0.13 to 4.58)	0.76
eGFR, per 5 ml/min per 1.73 m2	0.87 (0.81 to 0.92)	<0.001	0.81 (0.72 to 0.91)	<0.001
Oxygen saturation, per 1%	0.96 (0.91 to 1.00)	0.06	0.91 (0.86 to 0.97)	0.002
Models 1–5: biomarkersa
suPAR, per 100% increaseb	2.47 (1.60 to 3.79)	<0.001	4.01 (2.01 to 7.99)	<0.001
CRP, per 100% increase	1.37 (1.09 to 1.72)	0.04	1.11 (0.81 to 1.53)	0.53
Ferritin, per 100% increase	1.02 (0.81 to 1.27)	0.89	1.23 (0.78 to 1.94)	0.37
D-dimer, per 100% increase	1.09 (0.87 to 1.36)	0.46	1.01 (0.68 to 1.50)	0.97
LDH, per 100% increase	1.17 (0.69 to 2.00)	0.56	2.06 (0.89 to 4.77)	0.07

^aEach biomarker was evaluated in a separate model that included the listed clinical characteristics in addition to suPAR.

^bSerum creatinine–derived eGFR measured at the time of suPAR sample collection was used in Model 1 assessing the association between suPAR and AKI. eGFR was measured at the time of suPAR collection. CRP levels were available in 301 participants, ferritin in 207 participants, D-dimer in 204 participants, and LDH in 256 participants.