Table 1. Comparison or Arabidopsis trehalose phosphate synthases (TPS) and trehalose phosphate phosphatases (TPP) with rice, maize and wheat TPSs and TPPs.
| Arabidopsis (2n = 2x = 10) | Rice (2n = 2x = 24) | Maize (2n = 2x = 20) | Wheat (2n = 6x = 42) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trehalose phosphate synthase | |||
| Class I TPS TPS1, 2, 3, 4 | 1 gene | 2 genes | 7 genes TraesCS1A02G064800 GM2 TraesCS10D01G065600 GM2, PH, biomass |
| Class II TPS5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| TPS6 | 2 genes | 2 genes Zm00001d020396 Association with stay green [38] |
6 genes TraesCS4A02G062900 GFR |
| TPS7 | 3 genes | 4 genes improvement candidates [44] |
9 genes TraesCS1A02G338200 SM2, GFR, GWSP TraesCS3A02G289300 SpS, SM2 TraesCS5A02G116500 SpS TraesCS5B02G117800 InfSpS |
| TPS8, 9, 10 | 2 genes | 3 genes improvement candidates [44] |
1 gene |
| TPS11 | 3 genes OsTPS8, salt stress tolerance [28] |
5 genes | 2 genes TraesCS6B02G384500 GFR |
| Total 11 | 11 genes | 16 genes | 25 genes |
| Trehalose phosphate phosphatase | |||
| 1 TPPA, F, G | 2 genes | 2 genes | 3 genes |
| 2 | 2 genes | 4 genes ramosa-3 meristem determinancy [30] |
9 genes |
| 3 | 2 genes OsTPP7, flooding tolerance [26] |
3 genes improvement candidates [44] | 3 genes TraesCS5D02G200800 InfSpS |
| 4 | 1 gene | 3 genes ZmTPP4 meristem determinancy [31] |
6 genes TraesCS7B02G085800 SpS |
| 5 TPPB, C, D, E, H, I, J | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 genes TraesCS3A02G085700 InfSpS |
| 7 | 2 genes | 1 gene OsTPPP1 overexpression improves drought tolerance [13] |
6 genes TraesCS6A01G248400 Grain weight [43] |
| Total 10 | 10 genes | 13 genes | 31 genes |
Numbers of the respective genes are depicted for each species. Genes are from phylogenetic analysis of TPSs and [46]. TPP genes rice, maize and wheat genes diverge from Arabidopsis TPPs and are numbered as clades clockwise from clade 1 (TPPA, F, G) from [46]. Specific genes are linked to traits where there is published evidence. OsTPS8 and OsTPP7 are [28] and [26], respectively. Improvement candidates in maize are from [44]. RAMOSA3 and ZmTPP4 are published in [30,31], respectively. OsTPP1 overexpression in maize improves grain numbers and yield under drought at flowering [13]. Wheat TPSs and TPPs have been linked to several traits [45]. Those listed here are significantly linked to yield related traits in [45]. GM2 is grains per m2; PH is plant height; GFR is grain filling rate; SM2 is spikes per m2; GWSP is grain weight per spike; SpS is spikelets per spike; InfSpS is infertile spikelets per spike. TraesCS6A01G248400 has been linked to grain weight [43].