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. 2020 Oct 23;20(5):e37. doi: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e37

Figure 1. Crosstalk between Mtb and xenophagy.

Figure 1

ESX-1 secretion system damage Mtb-contained phagosome and resist from xenophagic pathway. Parkin1 and Smurf1 ubiuitinate damaged Mtb-contained phagosome to control Mtb survival. During Mtb infection, cGAS binds Mtb DNA and then activate type I interferons through STING pathway. In addition, damaged phagosome recruits Galectin-3, resulting in Galectin-3-TRIM16-ULK1-Beclin-1-ATG16L1 complex and initiation of autophagy. Galectin-8 suppresses mTOR activity in response to lysosomal damage. In IFN-γ-activated macrophages, ubiquilin 1 promotes ubiquitin, p62, and LC3 around Mtb and IFN-γ-induced IRGM interacts with autophagy machinery such as Beclin 1, ULK1, and ATG16L1. Mtb eis gene play role in regulating of autophagy. Furthermore, CpsA, protein of Mtb, evades from LAP and inhibits LAPosome formation during Mtb infection. In mouse and guinea pigs model, agonists for both CLEC4E and TLR4 activate autophagy, thereby reducing bacterial load. Sirtuin 3, enhances autophagy through TFEB and PPARA.