Table 1.
Outcome Summary
| Variable | Propensity score matched, titer ≥1:1350 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total |
Not transfused |
Transfused |
Point estimate |
P value | |
| (N = 903) | (n = 582) | (n = 321) | (95% CI)∗ | ||
| Disposition, 60 days | |||||
| Still admitted | 11 (1.2) | 6 (1.0) | 5 (1.6) | 0.71 (0.19 to 2.56) | 0.60 |
| Discharge | 799 (88.5) | 503 (86.4) | 296 (92.2) | (Base outcome) | |
| Death | 93 (10.3) | 73 (12.5) | 20 (6.2) | 2.15 (1.30 to 3.54) | 0.003 |
| Overall mortality within 28 days after day 0 | |||||
| Alive | 834 (92.4) | 525 (90.2) | 309 (96.3) | 2.62 (1.46 to 4.70) | 0.001 |
| Deceased | 69 (7.6) | 57 (9.8) | 12 (3.7) | ||
| Overall mortality within 60 days after day 0 | |||||
| Alive | 811 (89.8) | 510 (87.6) | 301 (93.8) | 1.99 (1.25 to 3.15) | 0.004 |
| Deceased | 92 (10.2) | 72 (12.4) | 20 (6.2) | ||
| Length of stay after day 0, median (IQR), days | 5.9 (3.1 to 12.3) | 5.9 (3.1 to 12.9) | 5.9 (3.2 to 11.7) | −0.15 (−1.82 to 1.52) | 0.86 |
| Required ICU after day 0 | |||||
| No | 607 (67.2) | 392 (67.4) | 215 (67.0) | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.16) | 0.89 |
| Yes | 296 (32.8) | 190 (32.6) | 106 (33.0) | ||
| ICU length of stay after day 0, mean ± SD, days | 12.0 ± 12.8 | 11.6 ± 12.3 | 12.7 ± 13.6 | −1.07 (−4.01 to 1.88) | 0.48 |
| Mechanical ventilation requirement, after day 0 | |||||
| No | 752 (83.3) | 477 (82.0) | 275 (85.7) | 1.26 (0.97 to 1.63) | 0.08 |
| Yes | 151 (16.7) | 105 (18.0) | 46 (14.3) | ||
| Mechanical ventilation time after day 0 (only in patients who required ventilation), mean ± SD, days | 20.7 ± 19.8 | 17.9 ± 16.2 | 27.1 ± 25.4 | −9.15 (−16.91 to −1.38) | 0.02 |
| Supplemental oxygen after day 0 | |||||
| No | 77 (8.5) | 55 (9.5) | 22 (6.9) | 0.99 (0.99 to 0.99) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 826 (91.5) | 527 (90.5) | 299 (93.1) | ||
| Supplemental oxygen time after day 0 (in patients who required supplemental oxygen), median (IQR), days | 6.4 ± 7.0 | 6.5 ± 7.1 | 6.3 ± 6.9 | 0.23 (−0.65 to 1.12) | 0.61 |
| Ventilation status at day 0 | |||||
| Room air | 81 (9.0) | 54 (9.3) | 27 (8.4) | (Base outcome) | |
| Low flow | 549 (60.8) | 353 (60.7) | 196 (61.1) | 0.90 (0.55 to 1.48) | 0.68 |
| High flow/NIPPV | 234 (25.9) | 149 (25.6) | 85 (26.5) | 0.90 (0.53 to 1.54) | 0.70 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 36 (4.0) | 24 (4.1) | 12 (3.7) | 0.87 (0.41 to 1.83) | 0.70 |
| ECMO | 3 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0.52 (0.07 to 3.89) | 0.52 |
| Death | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Ventilation status at day 7 | |||||
| Room air | 532 (58.9) | 339 (58.2) | 193 (60.1) | (Base outcome) | |
| Low flow | 105 (11.6) | 63 (10.8) | 42 (13.1) | 0.85 (0.56 to 1.31) | 0.47 |
| High flow/NIPPV | 151 (16.7) | 102 (17.5) | 49 (15.3) | 1.19 (0.85 to 1.65) | 0.31 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 95 (10.5) | 62 (10.7) | 33 (10.3) | 1.07 (0.76 to 1.51) | 0.70 |
| ECMO | 6 (0.7) | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.6) | 1.14 (0.21 to 6.26) | 0.88 |
| Death | 14 (1.6) | 12 (2.1) | 2 (0.6) | 3.42 (0.75 to 15.52) | 0.11 |
| Ventilation status at day 14 | |||||
| Room air | 696 (77.1) | 435 (74.7) | 261 (81.3) | (Base outcome) | |
| Low flow | 39 (4.3) | 31 (5.3) | 8 (2.5) | 2.33 (1.11 to 4.86) | 0.03 |
| High flow/NIPPV | 40 (4.4) | 23 (4.0) | 17 (5.3) | 0.81 (0.43 to 1.52) | 0.51 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 87 (9.6) | 59 (10.1) | 28 (8.7) | 1.26 (0.84 to 1.90) | 0.26 |
| ECMO | 5 (0.6) | 4 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 2.40 (0.27 to 21.65) | 0.44 |
| Death | 36 (4.0) | 30 (5.2) | 6 (1.9) | 3.00 (1.22 to 7.37) | 0.02 |
| Ventilation status at day 28 | |||||
| Room air | 763 (84.5) | 478 (82.1) | 285 (88.8) | (Base outcome) | |
| Low flow | 13 (1.4) | 9 (1.5) | 4 (1.2) | 1.34 (0.40 to 4.44) | 0.63 |
| High flow/NIPPV | 7 (0.8) | 5 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 1.49 (0.29 to 7.79) | 0.64 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 47 (5.2) | 30 (5.2) | 17 (5.3) | 1.05 (0.60 to 1.84) | 0.86 |
| ECMO | 4 (0.4) | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 1.79 (0.18 to 17.34) | 0.62 |
| Death | 69 (7.6) | 57 (9.8) | 12 (3.7) | 2.83 (1.54 to 5.22) | 0.001 |
| Ventilation status at day 60 | |||||
| Room air | 797 (88.3) | 501 (86.1) | 296 (92.2) | (Base outcome) | |
| Low flow | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| High flow/NIPPV | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 13 (1.4) | 8 (1.4) | 5 (1.6) | 0.95 (0.29 to 3.11) | 0.93 |
| ECMO | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Death | 92 (10.2) | 72 (12.4) | 20 (6.2) | 2.13 (1.29 to 3.50) | 0.003 |
| Clinical improvement relative to day 0 at day 7 | |||||
| No | 364 (40.3) | 249 (42.8) | 115 (35.8) | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.98) | 0.02 |
| Yes | 539 (59.7) | 333 (57.2) | 206 (64.2) | ||
| Clinical improvement relative to day 0 at day 14 | |||||
| No | 209 (23.1) | 154 (26.5) | 55 (17.1) | 0.89 (0.83 to 0.95) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 694 (76.9) | 428 (73.5) | 266 (82.9) | ||
| Clinical improvement relative to day 0 at day 28 | |||||
| No | 153 (16.9) | 121 (20.8) | 32 (10.0) | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 750 (83.1) | 461 (79.2) | 289 (90.0) | ||
| Clinical improvement relative to day 0 at day 60 | |||||
| No | 125 (13.8) | 100 (17.2) | 25 (7.8) | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.94) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 778 (86.2) | 482 (82.8) | 296 (92.2) | ||
| IL-6 Δ (day 7-day 0), median (IQR), pg/mL | 42.5 (−40.5 to 428.0) | 20.0 (−53.0 to 302.0) | 56.0 (−18.0 to 557.0) | −130.02 (−362.67 to 102.63) | 0.27 |
| C-reactive protein Δ (day 7-day 0), median (IQR), mg/dL | −9.2 (−17.8 to −3.7) | −9.6 (−19.7 to −4.0) | −8.5 (−16.3 to −3.3) | −2.28 (−4.55 to −0.01) | 0.049 |
| Ferritin Δ (day 7-day 0), median (IQR), ng/mL | −11.5 (−322.5 to 350.0) | −19.0 (−345.0 to 314.0) | 17.0 (−266.0 to 361.0) | 259.96 (−179.97 to 699.88) | 0.25 |
| Fibrinogen Δ (day 7-day 0), median (IQR), mg/dL | −164.0 (−342.0 to −36.0) | −191.0 (−342.0 to −57.0) | −136.5 (−339.0 to −31.0) | −55.08 (−125.30 to 15.13) | 0.12 |
| D-dimer Δ (day 7-day 0), median (IQR), μg/mL FEU | 0.2 (−0.3 to 1.5) | 0.1 (−0.4 to 1.3) | 0.4 (−0.2 to 1.6) | −0.80 (−1.89 to 0.30) | 0.15 |
Values are expressed as median (IQR) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. Bolded values are statistically significant (P < 0.05).
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FEU, fibrinogen equivalent unit; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; NIPPV, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.
∗
Point estimate obtained from generalized linear models (for binary and continuous dependent variables) or multinomial logistic regression (for categorical dependent variables), which is risk ratio of outcome in non-transfusion versus transfusion (if categorical outcomes) or coefficient of outcome in non-transfusion versus transfusion (if continuous outcomes).