Table 2.
Univariate and Multivariate Cox Regression, Overall Mortality within 28 and 60 Days, for Controls Matched to Cases Who Received Plasma with Titer ≥1:1350
| Univariate | Within 60 days |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive |
Deceased |
Unadjusted HR |
P value |
|
| (n = 811) | (n = 92) | (95% CI) | ||
| Convalescent plasma transfusion | ||||
| Transfused | 301 (37.1) | 20 (21.7) | (Reference) | |
| Not transfused | 510 (62.9) | 72 (78.3) | 1.07 (1.05 to 1.09) | <0.001 |
| Age, median (IQR), years | 54.0 (44.0 to 62.0) | 65.0 (59.0 to 76.0) | 1.07 (1.05 to 1.09) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | ||||
| <30 | 33 (4.1) | 3 (3.3) | 3.65 (0.66 to 20.33) | 0.14 |
| 30–39 | 111 (13.7) | 3 (3.3) | 1.14 (0.26 to 5.02) | 0.87 |
| 40–49 | 171 (21.1) | 4 (4.3) | (Reference) | |
| 50–59 | 226 (27.9) | 16 (17.4) | 2.94 (0.97 to 8.91) | 0.06 |
| 60–69 | 182 (22.4) | 30 (32.6) | 6.54 (2.29 to 18.72) | <0.001 |
| 70–79 | 69 (8.5) | 20 (21.7) | 10.85 (3.66 to 32.19) | <0.001 |
| ≥80 | 19 (2.3) | 16 (17.4) | 29.06 (8.94 to 94.50) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 362 (44.6) | 33 (35.9) | (Reference) | |
| Male | 449 (55.4) | 59 (64.1) | 1.41 (0.92 to 2.16) | 0.12 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 530 (65.4) | 65 (70.7) | (Reference) | |
| Black | 185 (22.8) | 16 (17.4) | 0.73 (0.43 to 1.24) | 0.25 |
| Asian | 41 (5.1) | 5 (5.4) | 1.02 (0.40 to 2.58) | 0.97 |
| Other | 25 (3.1) | 5 (5.4) | 1.53 (0.67 to 3.49) | 0.31 |
| Unknown | 30 (3.7) | 1 (1.1) | 0.28 (0.04 to 2.07) | 0.21 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 399 (49.2) | 48 (52.2) | (Reference) | |
| Hispanic | 406 (50.1) | 42 (45.7) | 0.86 (0.58 to 1.26) | 0.43 |
| Unknown | 6 (0.7) | 2 (2.2) | 2.52 (0.61 to 10.53) | 0.20 |
| Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 31.8 (27.8 to 37.7) | 30.1 (26.7 to 34.7) | 0.97 (0.94 to 1.01) | 0.10 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| <18.5 | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 88 (10.9) | 11 (12.0) | (Reference) | |
| 25–29.9 | 220 (27.1) | 32 (34.8) | 1.17 (0.60 to 2.28) | 0.65 |
| ≥30 | 501 (61.8) | 49 (53.3) | 0.79 (0.41 to 1.54) | 0.49 |
| Body mass index <30 or ≥30 kg/m2 | ||||
| <30 | 310 (38.2) | 43 (46.7) | (Reference) | |
| ≥30 | 501 (61.8) | 49 (53.3) | 0.71 (0.46 to 1.10) | 0.12 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 396 (48.8) | 35 (38.0) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 415 (51.2) | 57 (62.0) | 1.51 (0.98 to 2.31) | 0.06 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 488 (60.2) | 39 (42.4) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 323 (39.8) | 53 (57.6) | 1.96 (1.30 to 2.96) | 0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | ||||
| No | 721 (88.9) | 74 (80.4) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 90 (11.1) | 18 (19.6) | 1.85 (1.12 to 3.08) | 0.02 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||
| No | 708 (87.3) | 64 (69.6) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 103 (12.7) | 28 (30.4) | 2.80 (1.79 to 4.38) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||
| No | 541 (66.7) | 48 (52.2) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 270 (33.3) | 44 (47.8) | 1.79 (1.16 to 2.76) | 0.01 |
| Coronary disease | ||||
| No | 753 (92.8) | 67 (72.8) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 58 (7.2) | 25 (27.2) | 4.46 (2.77 to 7.16) | <0.001 |
| Baseline outcome group | ||||
| Room air | 38 (4.7) | 5 (5.4) | (Reference) | |
| Supplemental oxygen | 750 (92.5) | 71 (77.2) | 0.74 (0.30 to 1.79) | 0.50 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 23 (2.8) | 16 (17.4) | 4.33 (1.56 to 12.04) | 0.01 |
| Ventilation status at day 0 | ||||
| Room air | 78 (9.6) | 3 (3.3) | (Reference) | |
| Low flow | 516 (63.6) | 33 (35.9) | 1.66 (0.53 to 5.15) | 0.38 |
| High flow/NIPPV | 194 (23.9) | 40 (43.5) | 4.99 (1.63 to 15.25) | 0.01 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 20 (2.5) | 16 (17.4) | 15.69 (4.74 to 52.02) | <0.001 |
| ECMO | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| ABO blood group | ||||
| A | 204 (30.6) | 25 (29.4) | 0.91 (0.58 to 1.42) | 0.67 |
| B | 93 (14.0) | 9 (10.6) | 0.74 (0.36 to 1.52) | 0.42 |
| AB | 13 (2.0) | 3 (3.5) | 1.59 (0.52 to 4.84) | 0.42 |
| O | 356 (53.5) | 48 (56.5) | (Reference) | |
| Rh blood group | ||||
| Negative | 54 (8.1) | 11 (12.9) | (Reference) | |
| Positive | 612 (91.9) | 74 (87.1) | 0.62 (0.34 to 1.15) | 0.13 |
| IL-6 at baseline, median (IQR), pg/mL (n = 604) | 51.0 (23.0 to 114.0) | 106.0 (35.0 to 309.0) | 1.001 (1.00 to 1.001) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), pg/mL (n = 236) | 26.0 (−51.0 to 232.0) | 496.0 (43.0 to 966.0) | 1.0004 (1.00 to 1.001) | 0.01 |
| C-reactive protein at baseline, median (IQR), mg/dL (n = 725) | 9.7 (5.3 to 16.4) | 10.2 (6.2 to 15.2) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.02) | 0.65 |
| C-reactive protein Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), mg/dL (n = 403) | −9.5 (−18.3 to −3.6) | −8.0 (−14.4 to −4.3) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.30 |
| Ferritin at baseline, median (IQR), ng/mL (n = 726) | 809.5 (427.0 to 1565.0) | 1160.5 (543.5 to 1896.0) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.052 |
| Ferritin Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), ng/mL (n = 396) | −20.5 (−351.0 to 308.0) | 141.5 (−272.0 to 591.0) | 1.0002 (1.00 to 1.0003) | 0.03 |
| Fibrinogen at baseline, median (IQR), mg/dL (n = 534) | 658.0 (562.0 to 749.0) | 617.0 (526.0 to 720.0) | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.01 |
| Fibrinogen Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), mg/dL (n = 155) | −178.0 (−347.5 to −48.5) | −121.0 (−246.0 to 49.0) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.37 |
| D-dimer at baseline, median (IQR), μg/mL FEU (n = 733) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) | 1.2 (0.7 to 3.1) | 1.12 (1.07 to 1.16) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), μg/mL FEU (n = 394) | 0.1 (-0.3 to 1.0) | 1.3 (0.1 to 11.5) | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.12) | <0.001 |
| Concomitant medication | ||||
| Any steroids | 576 (71.0) | 87 (94.6) | 6.64 (2.72 to 16.19) | <0.001 |
| Dexamethasone | 395 (48.7) | 46 (50.0) | 1.04 (0.67 to 1.60) | 0.87 |
| Hydrocortisone | 28 (3.5) | 33 (35.9) | 9.42 (6.12 to 14.50) | <0.001 |
| Methylprednisolone | 297 (36.6) | 67 (72.8) | 4.21 (2.65 to 6.67) | <0.001 |
| Prednisone | 109 (13.4) | 23 (25.0) | 1.96 (1.26 to 3.04) | 0.00 |
| Azithromycin | 596 (73.5) | 68 (73.9) | 1.01 (0.63 to 1.60) | 0.98 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 80 (9.9) | 12 (13.0) | 1.37 (0.77 to 2.42) | 0.28 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 7 (0.9) | 2 (2.2) | 2.32 (0.57 to 9.46) | 0.24 |
| Remdesivir | 306 (37.7) | 34 (37.0) | 0.95 (0.61 to 1.49) | 0.84 |
| Ribavirin | 27 (3.3) | 4 (4.3) | 1.33 (0.48 to 3.66) | 0.58 |
| Tocilizumab |
358 (44.1) |
73 (79.3) |
4.49 (2.70 to 7.48) |
<0.001 |
| Multivariate | Within 28 days |
Within 60 days |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted HR |
P value | Adjusted HR |
P value | |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
| Convalescent plasma transfusion | ||||
| Transfused | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||
| Not transfused | 1.94 (1.05 to 3.58) | 0.04 | 1.64 (1.00 to 2.69) | 0.049 |
| Age, years | 1.06 (1.04 to 1.09) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.69 (1.01 to 2.84) | 0.046 | 1.57 (1.02 to 2.43) | 0.04 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.44 (0.79 to 2.60) | 0.23 | 1.41 (0.83 to 2.40) | 0.20 |
| Ventilation status at day 0 | ||||
| Room air | (Reference) | |||
| Low flow | 3.42 (0.51 to 23.12) | 0.21 | 1.46 (0.49 to 4.34) | 0.50 |
| High flow/NIPPV | 5.14 (0.75 to 35.13) | 0.10 | 2.71 (0.96 to 7.64) | 0.06 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 12.99 (1.80 to 93.62) | 0.01 | 5.68 (1.91 to 16.90) | 0.002 |
| ECMO | ||||
| Any steroids | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.21) | 0.01 | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.13) | 0.06 |
| Tocilizumab | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.11) | 0.01 | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.06) | 0.01 |
| C-statistic | 0.87 | 0.81 | ||
Values are expressed as median (IQR) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. Bolded values are statistically significant (P < 0.05). Steroids and tocilizumab were treated as time-varying covariates in the multivariate model.
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FEU, fibrinogen equivalent unit; HR, hazard ratio; IQR, interquartile range; NIPPV, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.