Table 4.
Univariate and Multivariate Cox Regression, Overall Mortality within 28 and 60 Days, for Controls Matched to Cases Who Received Plasma with Titer ≥1:1350 within 44 Hours of Hospital Admission
| Univariate | Within 60 days |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive |
Deceased |
Unadjusted HR |
P value | |
| (n = 382) | (n = 39) | (95% CI) | ||
| Convalescent plasma transfusion | ||||
| Transfused | 146 (38.2) | 6 (15.4) | (Reference) | |
| Not transfused | 236 (61.8) | 33 (84.6) | 3.26 (1.32 to 8.04) | 0.01 |
| Age, median (IQR), years | 51.0 (39.0 to 60.0) | 65.0 (59.0 to 75.0) | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.11) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | ||||
| <30 | 28 (7.3) | 1 (2.6) | 1.47 (0.13 to 16.32) | 0.75 |
| 30–39 | 68 (17.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 40–49 | 83 (21.7) | 2 (5.1) | (Reference) | |
| 50–59 | 104 (27.2) | 7 (17.9) | 2.71 (0.56 to 13.24) | 0.22 |
| 60–69 | 73 (19.1) | 15 (38.5) | 7.80 (1.74 to 34.96) | 0.01 |
| 70–79 | 20 (5.2) | 9 (23.1) | 16.08 (3.38 to 76.64) | <0.001 |
| ≥80 | 6 (1.6) | 5 (12.8) | 26.69 (5.03 to 141.70) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 160 (41.9) | 11 (28.2) | (Reference) | |
| Male | 222 (58.1) | 28 (71.8) | 1.76 (0.86 to 3.59) | 0.12 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 250 (65.4) | 30 (76.9) | (Reference) | |
| Black | 78 (20.4) | 5 (12.8) | 0.55 (0.21 to 1.42) | 0.21 |
| Asian | 27 (7.1) | 2 (5.1) | 0.63 (0.15 to 2.77) | 0.54 |
| Other | 13 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Unknown | 14 (3.7) | 2 (5.1) | 1.18 (0.27 to 5.09) | 0.82 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 176 (46.1) | 20 (51.3) | (Reference) | |
| Hispanic | 201 (52.6) | 19 (48.7) | 0.83 (0.45 to 1.53) | 0.56 |
| Unknown | 5 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 31.6 (28.3 to 36.8) | 30.2 (25.9 to 33.6) | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) | 0.02 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| <18.5 | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 30 (7.9) | 7 (17.9) | (Reference) | |
| 25–29.9 | 114 (29.8) | 12 (30.8) | 0.47 (0.18 to 1.24) | 0.13 |
| ≥30 | 237 (62.0) | 20 (51.3) | 0.38 (0.17 to 0.85) | 0.02 |
| Body mass index <30 or ≥30 kg/m2 | ||||
| <30 | 145 (38.0) | 19 (48.7) | (Reference) | |
| ≥30 | 237 (62.0) | 20 (51.3) | 0.65 (0.36 to 1.19) | 0.17 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 199 (52.1) | 10 (25.6) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 183 (47.9) | 29 (74.4) | 2.98 (1.41 to 6.30) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 237 (62.0) | 16 (41.0) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 145 (38.0) | 23 (59.0) | 2.23 (1.26 to 3.97) | 0.01 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | ||||
| No | 344 (90.1) | 32 (82.1) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 38 (9.9) | 7 (17.9) | 1.88 (0.84 to 4.23) | 0.13 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||
| No | 357 (93.5) | 34 (87.2) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 25 (6.5) | 5 (12.8) | 1.93 (0.80 to 4.67) | 0.15 |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||
| No | 281 (73.6) | 21 (53.8) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 101 (26.4) | 18 (46.2) | 2.26 (1.19 to 4.29) | 0.01 |
| Coronary disease | ||||
| No | 367 (96.1) | 36 (92.3) | (Reference) | |
| Yes | 15 (3.9) | 3 (7.7) | 2.00 (0.60 to 6.59) | 0.26 |
| Baseline outcome group | ||||
| Room air | 12 (3.1) | 1 (2.6) | (Reference) | |
| Supplemental oxygen | 343 (89.8) | 24 (61.5) | 0.83 (0.10 to 6.52) | 0.86 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 27 (7.1) | 14 (35.9) | 5.03 (0.69 to 36.51) | 0.11 |
| Ventilation status at day 0 | ||||
| Room air | 33 (8.6) | 1 (2.6) | (Reference) | |
| Low flow | 248 (64.9) | 8 (20.5) | 1.05 (0.14 to 8.10) | 0.97 |
| High flow/NIPPV | 72 (18.8) | 17 (43.6) | 7.01 (0.96 to 51.32) | 0.06 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 27 (7.1) | 13 (33.3) | 12.98 (1.92 to 87.59) | 0.01 |
| ECMO | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| ABO blood group | ||||
| A | 82 (26.1) | 11 (29.7) | 1.16 (0.58 to 2.34) | 0.68 |
| B | 43 (13.7) | 4 (10.8) | 0.83 (0.28 to 2.48) | 0.74 |
| AB | 9 (2.9) | 1 (2.7) | 0.95 (0.13 to 6.95) | 0.96 |
| O | 180 (57.3) | 21 (56.8) | (Reference) | |
| Rh blood group | ||||
| Negative | 31 (9.9) | 7 (18.9) | (Reference) | |
| Positive | 283 (90.1) | 30 (81.1) | 0.50 (0.24 to 1.08) | 0.08 |
| IL-6 at baseline, median (IQR), pg/mL (n = 316) | 57.0 (25.0 to 116.5) | 85.5 (52.0 to 192.5) | 1.001 (1.00 to 1.001) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), pg/mL (n = 98) | 3.5 (-52.0 to 296.0) | 323.5 (-12.5 to 1101.5) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.65 |
| C-reactive protein at baseline, median (IQR), mg/dL (n = 353) | 9.7 (5.6 to 16.6) | 12.7 (5.5 to 19.1) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.05) | 0.31 |
| C-reactive protein Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), mg/dL (n = 169) | −10.9 (−19.7 to -5.4) | −7.0 (−20.2 to −4.3) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03) | 0.92 |
| Ferritin at baseline, median (IQR), ng/mL (n = 358) | 791.0 (375.0 to 1462.0) | 1408.0 (509.0 to 2152.0) | 1.0001 (1.00 to 1.0001) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), ng/mL (n = 163) | −77.0 (−438.0 to 174.0) | −66.0 (−322.0 to 314.0) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.11 |
| Fibrinogen at baseline, median (IQR), mg/dL (n = 287) | 643.0 (535.0 to 748.0) | 637.0 (589.0 to 712.0) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.23 |
| Fibrinogen Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), mg/dL (n = 60) | −191.0 (−360.0 to −69.0) | −248.0 (−477.0 to −141.0) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.22 |
| D-dimer at baseline, median (IQR), μg/mL FEU (n = 364) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.7) | 2.0 (0.8 to 4.3) | 1.15 (1.10 to 1.21) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer Δ (day 7-baseline), median (IQR), μg/mL FEU (n = 174) | 0.2 (-0.3 to 1.6) | 3.2 (0.7 to 13.6) | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.14) | 0.001 |
| Concomitant medication | ||||
| Any steroids | 232 (60.7) | 37 (94.9) | 11.03 (2.69 to 45.28) | 0.001 |
| Dexamethasone | 129 (33.8) | 16 (41.0) | 1.34 (0.67 to 2.67) | 0.41 |
| Hydrocortisone | 9 (2.4) | 16 (41.0) | 13.97 (7.70 to 25.35) | <0.001 |
| Methylprednisolone | 143 (37.4) | 28 (71.8) | 3.85 (1.84 to 8.09) | <0.001 |
| Prednisone | 26 (6.8) | 4 (10.3) | 1.48 (0.54 to 4.06) | 0.44 |
| Azithromycin | 265 (69.4) | 30 (76.9) | 1.41 (0.69 to 2.86) | 0.35 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 35 (9.2) | 3 (7.7) | 0.83 (0.25 to 2.74) | 0.76 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Remdesivir | 155 (40.6) | 15 (38.5) | 0.91 (0.47 to 1.79) | 0.79 |
| Ribavirin | 4 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Tocilizumab |
158 (41.4) |
31 (79.5) |
5.01 (2.35 to 10.68) |
<0.001 |
| Multivariate (n = 421) | Within 28 days |
Within 60 days |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted HR |
P value | Adjusted HR |
P value | |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
| Convalescent plasma transfusion | ||||
| Transfused | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||
| Not transfused | 2.63 (1.04 to 6.64) | 0.04 | 2.90 (1.22 to 6.94) | 0.02 |
| Age, years | 1.09 (1.06 to 1.13) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.05 to 1.12) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.74 (0.90 to 3.38) | 0.10 | 1.87 (1.04 to 3.36) | 0.04 |
| Any steroid | 8.45 (1.78 to 40.03) | 0.01 | 11.16 (2.54 to 48.99) | 0.001 |
| C-statistic | 0.86 | 0.86 | – | |
Values are expressed as median (IQR) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. Bolded values are statistically significant (P < 0.05). Steroids and tocilizumab were treated as time-varying covariates in the multivariate model.
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FEU, fibrinogen equivalent unit; HR, hazard ratio; IQR, interquartile range; NIPPV, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.