Table 5.
E-learning studies.
| Model | Description | Reference | Area of training | Training task | Study design | Participants | Training time | Validity | Effectiveness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Computer-Assisted Learning Ophthalmology Programme |
(1) A software programme delivering a multi-media tutorial for learning about the pupillary light reflex (2) A Macintosh-connected mannequin model housing motor-driven camera diaphragms to simulate pupil response to the swinging flashlight test (3) A multiple-choice quiz to test the user’s understanding of the material |
Kaufman and Lee [137] | Diagnostic examination | Swinging flashlight test | Evaluation study | n = 29 (medical students) | 2 weeks |
Content: 2 Response processes: 2 Internal structure: N Relations to other variables: N Consequences: N |
1 |
| E-learning modules | Case presentations based on an interactive Q&A game format | Stahl et al. [138] | Ophthalmology education | Ophthalmology-related patient cases | Prospective study | n = 272 (medical students) | 2 terms |
Content: 0 Response processes: N Internal structure: N Relations to other variables: N Consequences: 1 |
2 |
| Ophthalmic Operation Vienna |
(1) Surgical videos accompanied by 3D animations of 5 surgical procedures: cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, vitrectomy and ablative refractive surgery (2) A multiple-choice test on cataract and glaucoma surgery topics |
Prinz et al. [139] | Anterior and posterior segment surgery | Cataract and glaucoma surgery knowledge | Randomised controlled trial | n = 172 (medical students) | 2 weeks |
Content: 0 Response processes: N Internal structure: 2 Relations to other variables: N Consequences: N |
2 |
| 3D computer animations | Software and hardware systems used to create 3D animations (e.g., Cinema 4D XL Studio Bundle to create the ocular muscles) into interactive computer programmes to simulate eye movements, pathologies and neuro-surgical techniques | Glittenberg and Binder [140] | Ophthalmology education | Neuro-ophthalmology and oculomotor anatomy knowledge | Case-control comparative study | n = 40 (medical students) | ~45 min lecture presentations |
Content: 0 Response processes: N Internal structure: N Relations to other variables: N Consequences: N |
2 |
| Virtual Mentor | An interactive, computer-based simulation of the cognitive components of performing hydrodissection | Henderson et al. [141] | Cataract surgery | Hydrodissection | Single-masked, randomised controlled trial | n = 68 (residents) | Not specified |
Content: 2 Response processes: N Internal structure: 0 Relations to other variables: 1 Consequences: N |
2 |