Table 2.
Characteristics and outcomes of infants born to pregnant women confirmed with Covid-19 in this study
| Infants’ characteristics/outcomes | Total (n = 57) | Boy (n = 28) | Girl (n = 29) | p value△ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perinatal conditions | ||||
| Delivery unit | ||||
| Negative-pressure labor/operating room | 18 (31.6%) | 11 (39.3%) | 7 (24.1%) | 0.219 |
| Isolated labor/operating room | 39 (68.4%) | 17 (60.7%) | 22 (75.9%) | |
| Cesarean section | 51 (89.5%) | 26 (92.9%) | 25 (86.2%) | 0.670 |
| Low birth weight (< 2500 g) | 4 (7.0%) | 1 (3.6%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.611 |
| Preterm (< 37 weeks) | 8 (14.0%) | 4 (14.3%) | 4 (13.8%) | 1.000 |
| Congenital malformation | 1 (1.8%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| Fetal distress | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.4%) | 1.000 |
| Neonatal asphyxia | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.4%) | 1.000 |
| Admitted to NICU | 11 (19.3%) | 2 (7.1%) | 9 (31.0%) | 0.022 |
| Screening of SARS-CoV-2 | ||||
| Neonatal throat swab (+) | 1/51 | 1/23 | 0/28 | 0.451 |
| Cord blood (+) | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/0 | – |
| Amniotic fluid (+) | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/0 | – |
| Breast milk (+) | 0/12 | 0/9 | 0/3 | – |
| Meconium (+) | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/0 | – |
| Placenta (+) | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/0 | – |
| IgG in neonatal serum (+) | 8/17 | 5/12 | 3/5 | 0.620 |
| IgM in neonatal serum (+) | 3/17 | 2/12 | 1/5 | 1.000 |
| Mother–baby separation days | 35 (16, 52) | 27 (16, 45) | 38 (17, 55) | 0.240 |
| Breastfeeding | ||||
| At 1 week after birth | 5 (8.8%) | 2 (7.7%) | 3 (10.7%) | 1.000 |
| At 1 month after birth | 11 (19.3%) | 6 (21.4%) | 5 (17.9%) | 0.689 |
| At 3 months after birth | 21 (36.8%) | 12 (48.0%) | 9 (33.3%) | 0.355 |
| Neurobehavioral development at 3 months after birth* | ||||
| Communication (median (IQR)) | 50 (40, 60) | 50 (37.5, 55) | 50 (40, 60) | 0.380 |
| “Monitoring”/“risk” | 10 (19.2%) | 6 (24.0%) | 4 (14.8%) | 0.492 |
| Gross motor (median (IQR)) | 55 (45, 60) | 55 (45, 60) | 55 (45, 60) | 0.931 |
| “Monitoring”/“risk” | 7 (13.5%) | 5 (20.0%) | 2 (7.4%) | 0.241 |
| Fine motor (median (IQR)) | 45 (40, 55) | 45 (37.5, 55) | 50 (40, 60) | 0.498 |
| “Monitoring”/“risk” | 12 (23.1%) | 6 (24.0%) | 6 (22.2%) | 0.879 |
| Problem solving (median (IQR)) | 50 (40, 55) | 50 (40, 55) | 50 (40, 55) | 0.941 |
| “Monitoring”/“risk” | 10 (19.2%) | 5 (20.0%) | 5 (18.5%) | 1.000 |
| Personal–social (median (IQR)) | 45 (40, 55) | 45 (40, 55) | 45 (35, 55) | 0.643 |
| “Monitoring”/“risk” | 12 (23.1%) | 5 (20.0%) | 7 (25.9%) | 0.746 |
| Social–emotional (median (IQR)) | 25 (15, 35) | 25 (20, 35) | 15 (10, 35) | 0.278 |
| “Monitoring”/“risk” | 38 (86.4%) | 18 (94.7%) | 20 (80.0%) | 0.213 |
*Among the total of 57 cases, there were five cases (three boys and two girls) not responding to the questions on ASQ-3, and there were thirteen cases (nine boys and four girls) not responding to the questions on ASQ:SE-2
△The bold font in the column of “p value” indicates the significant difference (p < 0.05) between boys and girls