Table 1.
Mechanism | Measure | Workplace absence | Short-term disability | Workers' compensation | Total days and cost* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cut/pierce | Absent days, n | 2.1 (0.1–4.0) | 1.9 (1.2–2.7) | 3.9 (2.4–5.4) | |
Estimated cost | US288 (13–564) | US$267 (162–373) | US$555 (344–754) | ||
Drowning/submersion | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Fall | Absent days, n | 5.3 (3.6–7.0) | 10.5 (9.4–11.6) | 1.0 (0.5–1.6) | 16.8 (15.4–18.4) |
Estimated cost | US$744 (501–987) | US$1476 (1322–1631) | US$142 (65–221) | US$2362 (2164–2582) | |
Fire/burn | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Fire/flame | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Hot object/substance | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Firearm | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Machinery | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Motor vehicle traffic | Absent days, n | 6.6 (4.1–9.2) | 14.7 (12.5–16.9) | 2.2 (0.9–3.4) | 23.5 (20.9–26.0) |
Estimated cost | US$931 (574–1287) | US$2065 (1758–2373) | US$302 (131–472) | US$3298 (2932–3650) | |
Occupant | Absent days, n | 5.4 (2.5–8.2) | 13.4 (10.7–16.0) | 3.3 (1.2–5.4) | 22.0 (18.8–25.2) |
Estimated cost | US$755 (354–1156) | US$1881 (1509–2254) | US$463 (166–758) | US$3099 (2650–3545) | |
Motorcyclist | Absent days, n | 12.4 (4.9–19.9) | 31.7 (18.6–44.8) | 44.1 (33.2–54.8) | |
Estimated cost | US$1741 (683–2797) | US$4456 (2618–6293) | US$6196 (4662–7702) | ||
Pedal cyclist | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Pedestrian | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Unspecified motor vehicle | Absent days, n | 11.3 (7.2–15.3) | 11.3 (7.2–15.3) | ||
Estimated cost | US$1586 (1017–2155) | US$1586 (1017–2155) | |||
Other pedal cyclist | Absent days, n | 6.4 (3.0–9.8) | 6.4 (3.0–9.8) | ||
Estimated cost | US$900 (418–1381) | US$900 (418–1381) | |||
Other pedestrian | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Other transport | Absent days, n | 17.8 (9.6–25.9) | 17.8 (9.6–25.9) | ||
Estimated cost | US$2496 (1344–3647) | US$2496 (1344–3647) | |||
Natural/environmental | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Bites and stings | Absent days, n | 1.5 (0.4–2.6) | 1.5 (0.4–2.6) | ||
Estimated cost | US$210 (51–370) | US$210 (51–370) | |||
Overexertion | Absent days, n | 3.8 (1.4–6.2) | 7.8 (6.2–9.3) | 1.2 (0.2–2.1) | 12.7 (10.6–14.8) |
Estimated cost | US$533 (200–868) | US$1091 (877–1305) | US$162 (32–290) | US$1786 (1488–2084) | |
Poisoning | Absent days, n | 13.0 (7.3–18.7) | 13.0 (7.3–18.7) | ||
Estimated cost | US$1826 (1028–2625) | US$1826 (1028–2625) | |||
Struck by/against | Absent days, n | 4.6 (3.6–5.6) | 4.6 (3.6–5.6) | ||
Estimated cost | US$644 (509–780) | US$644 (509–780) | |||
Suffocation | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
Other specified, classifiable | Absent days, n | 3.1 (1.5–4.6) | 3.1 (1.5–4.6) | ||
Estimated cost | US$433(214–651) | US$433(214–651) | |||
Other specified, NEC | Absent days, n | 5.4 (1.6–9.2) | 6.7 (4.8–8.5) | 1.4 (0.2–2.6) | 13.5 (10.3–16.7) |
Estimated cost | US$758 (218–1299) | US$935 (678–1192) | US$200 (28–370) | US$1893 (1452–2349) | |
Unspecified | Absent days, n | 7.1 (5.0–9.1) | 7.1 (5.0–9.1) | ||
Estimated cost | US$995 (707–1282) | US$995 (707–1282) | |||
Adverse effects | Absent days, n | ||||
Estimated cost | |||||
E-code missing | Absent days, n | 3.6 (2.9–4.3) | 6.3 (6.0–6.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 11.2 (10.6–11.8) |
Estimated cost | US$508 (406–607) | US$889 (839–939) | US$180 (145–215) | US$1576 (1493–1658) | |
Total† | Absent days, n | 3.6 (3.1–4.1) | 6.6 (6.3–6.9) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 11.3 (10.8–11.8) |
Total† | Estimated cost | US$505 (429–581) | US$928 (889–966) | US$153 (127–179) | US$1586 (1518–1652) |
All costs are 2015 USD. Values are mean (95% CI or prediction interval (PI)—in the case that multiple estimates by absence type were probabilistically combined). Blank cells indicate results were not calculated for the injury type due to (1) low number of observations (<50 injury or control enrollees with >0 absences) in the data source, or (2) the regression-adjusted attributable number of lost work days due to the injury type was not statistically significantly higher among injured patients compared with control enrollees. Number of injury patients and controls, average absence days by type, and the simple mean difference between injury and control enrollees demonstrated in online supplementary table 1. Source data: MarketScan Health and Productivity Management dataset, 2014–2016. Injury classification is based on the ICD-9-CM E-code Matrix (www.cdc.gov/nchs/injury/injury_tools.htm).
For injury types with just one attributable absence type value reported (eg, ‘Unspecified motor vehicle’), ‘Total’ days reflects that absence type’s mean (95% CI) regression-adjusted value. Otherwise, variance for ‘Total’ days estimates was based on a probabilistic combination of variance for multiple absence type estimates (eg, workplace absence+short-term disability absence estimates for cut/pierce injuries) using Excel Palisade @RISK (Ithaca, NY). For those calculations, 1000 sums drawn from Pert distributions representing each absence type—with mean (95% CI) estimates of absent days by type included as the distributions’ most likely, minimum and maximum values—were computed, and the middle 95% of resulting values comprise the reported PI range. Total cost was assessed as the mean number of days and 95% CI or PI values multiplied by the estimated value of lost work days described in the Methods text (US$141).
‘Total’ category models controlled for mechanism.
NEC, not elsewhere classifiable.