Table 1.
Compare of demographics and biomarkers between control subjects and PD
| PD | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Early | Advanced | Total | P1 | P2 | ||
| Number of cases | 85 | 51 | 42 | 93 | / | / | |
| Gender (n) | Male | 48 | 30 | 25 | 53 | 0.165 | 0.209 |
| Female | 37 | 22 | 18 | 40 | 0.213 | 0.227 | |
| Age (years) | 66.22 (10.30) | 64.71 (10.60) | 67.55 (8.15) | 66.93 (9.52) | 0.754 | 0.821 | |
| H&Y | / | 1.5 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.5) | / | < 0.001 a*** | |
| MMSE | / | 28.72 (2.64) | 21.95 (2.57) | 24.28 (2.88) | < 0.001 b*** | ||
| UPDRS | / | 38.29 (20.21) | 54.7 (18.59) | 49.23 (18.13) | < 0.001a*** | ||
| UPDRS (I) | / | 3.35 (0.93) | 3.70 (0.86) | 3.52 (0.98) | 0.172 | ||
| UPDRS (II) | / | 11.28 (8.51) | 17.33 (9.29) | 15.17 (8.63) | 0.036b* | ||
| UPDRS (III) | / | 22.02 (18.53) | 31.41 (15.27) | 28.73 (16.04) | < 0.001a*** | ||
| UPDRS (IV) | / | 1.84 (2.50) | 2.26 (1.39) | 2.03 (1.84) | < 0.001a*** | ||
| NMSS (total) | / | ||||||
| Cardiovascular | 4.13 (2.35) | 4.60 (2.09) | 4.37 (2.81) | 0.063 | |||
| Sleep/fatigue | 16.25 (8.18) | 18.19 (8.18) | 17.03 (9.34) | 0.058 | |||
| Mood | 17.72 (13.72) | 19.94 (12.26) | 18.78 (10.65) | 0.055 | |||
| Perceptual problem | 2.86 (5.54) | 3.14 (4.20) | 3.05 (5.03) | 0.064 | |||
| Attention/memory | 10.16 (8.09) | 13.31 (9.36) | 12.66 (8.81) | 0.052 | |||
| Gastrointestina | 9.24 (6.33) | 10.61 (7.75) | 9.76 (7.52) | 0.881 | |||
| Urinar | 8.29 (8.46) | 9.35 (6.25) | 8.87 (6.60) | 0.923 | |||
| Sexual function | 5.44 (5.12) | 5.65 (6.23) | 5.61 (6.83) | 1.65 | |||
| Miscellaneous | 8.06 (9.03) | 9.38 (8.41) | 9.23 (8.49) | 0.058 | |||
| Daily dose of L-Dopa (mg) | 252 (58.52) | 398 (47.88) | 280 (51.76) | < 0.001b*** | |||
| Disease duration | 2.05 (3.40) | 5.33 (3.15) | 4.26 (2.52) | 0.003b** | |||
| L1CAM exosomal Linc-POU3F3 | 1.54 (0.59) | 2.24 (0.85) | 2.93 (0.63) | 2.61 (0.68) | 0.020a* | 0.041b* | |
| L1CAM exosomal α-syn (pg/ml) | 6.07 (1.35) | 7.19 (2.97) | 7.84 (2.46) | 7.62 (2.55) | 0.026a* | 0.033b* | |
| α-syn (ng/ml) | 3.01 (1.67) | 3.32 (1.83) | 3.51 (1.56) | 3.43 (1.61) | 0.723 | 0.693 | |
| Exo/total α-syn | 2.26 (1.52) | 3.01 (1.19) | 3.75 (1.36) | 3.30 (1.28) | 0.029a* | 0.040a* | |
| GCase activity (nmol/mg) | 10.43 (2.26) | 9.65 (2.79) | 8.06 (1.88) | 8.36 (2.05) | 0.038a* | 0.044b* | |
α-syn, α-synuclein; aMann–Whitney U test. bStudent’s t test; P1, compare between control subjects and PD; P2, compare between early stage PD and advanced stage PD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001