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. 2020 Nov 3;10:18933. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76001-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Self and ingroup associative matching paradigm. A schematic representation of the matching task that was utilised across all three experiments. The shape-label pairings were always counterbalanced across participants. After a short learning phase of the initial shape-label associations, participants responded to randomly presented shape-label pairs shown on-screen as matched or mismatched by pressing assigned response keys. In Experiment 1, the personal (you and stranger) associations were made in a separate task to the group (ingroup and outgroup) associations and order of tasks were counterbalanced. In Experiment 2, all of the associations (personal and group) were learned and presented in the same blocks of the same tasks. In Experiment 3, the associations were learned as part of one task, but were presented and responded to in alternating blocks. Two shapes were associated with each label in Experiments 1 and 3 (as shown in the figure), but only one shape was associated with each label in Experiment 2.