Table 2.

Auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces pain in multiple clinical conditions

Pain condition	Effects	References
Fibromyalgia	Decrease widespread pain and tenderness	[117]
Pelvic pain	Decrease evoked pain intensity, temporal summation of pain and anxiety	[118]
Chronic migraine	Most patients reported pain relief (≥ 50% reduction in visual analog scale)	[119]
Acute migraine	47% patients reported pain relief and 21% patients reported pain free	[120]
Acute migraine	38% patients had pain relief and 23% patients had pain free	[121]
Acute migraine	41% patients had pain relief and 30% patients had pain free	[122]
Episodic cluster headache	Noninvasive VNS (48%) is superior to sham (6%)	[119]
In healthy volunteers	Increase mechanical and pressure pain threshold, decrease temporal summation of noxious tonic heat	[123]