Fig. 5.

DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) enhances stemness properties through glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3)-mediated glycolysis pathways. (A) Genes positively correlated with DDIT4 were found to be enriched in glycolysis signaling using gene set enrichment analyses (GSEAs). (B) Inhibition of DDIT4 influenced cell viability in a glucose-restricted condition. Cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. Data are the mean ± SD of 3 experiments. *p < 0.05. (C) The effects of DDIT4-GLUT3 signaling on sphere formation. (D) Quantitative data according to measurements of sphere diameters from tumorsphere formation assays. After transfection with 2 μg cDNA or shRNA for 24 h, cells were collected for glucose-restricted or tumorsphere formation assays