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. 2020 Oct 21;8:556543. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.556543

TABLE 1.

Regulators of SGK1 expression.

Regulator Example References
Stimulating cell stressors cell shrinkage, dehydration, mechanic tear, oxidative stress, heat shock, UV radiation, DNA damage, ischemia, neuronal injury, neuronal excitation, enhanced glucose concentrations, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) Leong et al., 2003; Saad et al., 2005; Lang and Stournaras, 2013; Lang and Voelkl, 2013; Lang et al., 2018
Stimulating hormones and mediators glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadotropins, progesterone, 1,25(OH)2D3, erythropoietin, morphine, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-6, fibroblast and platelet-derived growth factor, thrombin, endothelin Mizuno and Nishida, 2001; Lang and Stournaras, 2013; Lang et al., 2018.
Inhibitors serum starvation, heparin, dietary iron, nucleosides, nephrilin, ageing Lang and Stournaras, 2013; Lang et al., 2018. Harries et al., 2012; Lang et al., 2018.
Signaling regulating SGK1 transcription cytosolic Ca2+, cyclic AMP, stress-activated protein kinase-2 (SAPK2 or p38 MAPK) protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase RAF, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and 5 (ERK5) phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), reactive oxygen species (ROS), NADPH oxidases, nitric oxide, EWS/NOR1(NR4A3) fusion protein Mizuno and Nishida, 2001; Lang and Stournaras, 2013; Lang et al., 2018.
SGK1 promotor binding sites glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoids receptor (MR), progesterone receptor (PR), 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor (VDR), Retinoids receptor (RXR), Farnesoids receptor (FXR), sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), PPARγ, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), p53 tumor suppressor protein, Sp1 transcription factor, activator protein 1 (AP-1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), heat shock factor (HSF), reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Rel), nuclear factor kappa- B (NFκB), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), TGF-β-dependent transcription factors SMAD3 and SMAD4, forkhead activin signal transducer (FAST), transcription factor TonE binding protein (TonEbP/NFAT5) Lang and Stournaras, 2013; Lang et al., 2018.