Table 3.

Biosensors for detection of biochemical markers relevant to OA.

Method	Samples tested	Biochemical marker	Advantages	Characteristics	References
Quartz crystal microbalance biosensor	Urine of OA patients and healthy controls*	COMP	Reaction time advantage, high sensitivity	Detection range: 1–200 ng/ml	(136)
Nanoparticle amplified SPRi aptasensor	Human serum	CRP	High sensitivity	LOD: 5 fg/ml	(137)
Quartz crystal microbalance biosensor	MMP-1 controls	MMP-1	Reaction time advantage	Detection range: 2–2,000 nM	(138)
Fiber optic-particle plasmon resonance biosensor integrated with microfluidic chip	OA patient SF*	MMP-3	Cost-effectiveness, portability, high sensitivity	–	(139)
Fiber-optic particle plasmon resonance biosensor	OA patient SF*	TNF-α and MMP-3	Reaction time advantage, simple usage, high sensitivity, high selectivity	LOD: TNF-α, 8.2 pg/ml; MMP-3, 8.2 pg/ml	(140)
Fluoromicrobeads guiding chip-based system	Human SF and serum*	COMP	Reaction time advantage	Detection range: 4 and 128 ng/ml	(141)
Fluoromicrobeads guiding chip-based system	Human urine-based controls and artificial serum	uCTX-II and sCTX-II	Simultaneous detection, reaction time advantage	Linear detection range: sCTX-II, 0.1–2.0 ng/mL; uCTX-II, 200–2,800 ng/mmol	(122)
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy	uCTX-II controls	CTX-II (multiplexed with glucose)	Cost effectiveness and simple manufacturing	Detection range: 1.3–10 ng/ml	(142)
Ambient light-based optical biosensor	uCTX-II epitope controls	uCTX-II	Cost effectiveness, simple usage	LOD: 0.2 ng/ml	(143)

^*Analyzed in OA patient samples.

MMP-1, 3, matrix metallopeptidase 1, 3; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; sCTX-II and uCTX-II, serum/urinary C-telopeptide fragments of type II collagen; LOD, limit of detection; SENSIA, silver-enhanced sandwich immunoassay; COMP, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein; CRP, C-reactive protein.