TABLE 2.

LMHFV effects on osteoblasts.

References	Cells	Frequency (Hz)	Magnitude (*g)	Time schedule	Main outcome
García-López et al., 2020	Primary BALB/c mouse calvarial osteoblasts	30	0.25	20 min/day	IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, OPG, TGF-β1 ↑ RANKL ↓
Pravitharangul et al., 2018	Osteoblast−like cells from iliac crest and mandibular bone specimens	0, 30, 60	0.49	30 min/day	IL−6 mRNA expression ↑ IL−1β, RANKL mRNA ↓ RANKL/OPG ratio ↓ in iliac osteoblasts
Haffner-Luntzer et al., 2018b	MC3T3-E1 cells and primary C57BL/6 mouse osteoblasts	45	0.3	20 min/day	Cytoskeletal remodeling: actin content, actin fiber thickness ↑ Cell metabolic activity, cell proliferation ↑ ERα signaling involved
Apa et al., 2018	Osteoblast like cells (SaOS-2)	30, 60, 90	0.3 1 3	1 h/day	Proliferation ↓ (0.3 g, 30 Hz)
Gao et al., 2017	Primary osteoblasts	45	0.5	1 h/day, 3 days	ALP, OCN, Runx2, BMP, OPG ↑ SOST ↓ Proliferation ↑ Matrix mineralization ↑ Cytoskeletal remodeling Wnt signaling involved
Ota et al., 2016	MC3T3-E1	30, 60, 90	1.0–10 m/s2		Runx2, Osterix, Col-1, ALP ↑
Rosenberg et al., 2002	Samples of cancellous bone collected from femoral necks	20, 30, 60	1.0–10 m/s2		ALP ↑ (30–60 Hz)