TABLE 5.

LMHFV effects on fracture healing using rat models.

References	Strain	Frequency (Hz)	Magnitude (*g)	Time schedule	Groups	Main outcome
Cheung et al., 2012	SD rats	35	0.3	20 min/day, 5 days/week 2/4/8 weeks	OVX Sham	Bone formation at 2/4 weeks ↑ Angiogenesis ↑
Chow et al., 2011	SD rats	35	0.3	20 min/day, 5 days/week 2/4/8 weeks	OVX	Bridging rate ↑ Callus remodeling ↑ mineralization ↑ Reversed the effects of ibandronate
Chow et al., 2016	SD rats	35	0.3	20 min/day, 5 days/week 2/4/8 weeks	OVX Sham	Bony callus formation ↑ ER expression ↑ in OVX
Chow et al., 2019	SD rats	35	0.3	20 min/day, 5 days/week 1/2/4/8 weeks	OVX Sham	Mechanical stability ↑ Cox2-upregulation in callus augmented by NSAID usage Promoted switch of macrophage polarization from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (anti-inflammatory)
Choy et al., 2020	SD rats	35	0.3	20 min/day, 5 days/week 1/2/6 weeks	OVX Sham	Lacuna-canalicular network outgrowth ↑ Mineralization ↑ Both effects stronger in OVX
Chung et al., 2014	SD rats	35	0.3	20 min/day, 5 days/week 2/4/8 weeks	OVX Sham	Chondrogenesis-, osteogenesis- and remodeling-related genes ↑ (Col-2, Col-1, RANKL/OPG) Cartilaginous tissue area ↓ in OVX
Gao et al., 2016	Female rats (strain not stated)	35	0.25	(1) 15 min/day; (2) 3 × 5 min (>4 h apart); (3) 7 days 15 min/day, then 7 days rest (4) 7 days 3 × 5 min (>4 h apart), then 7 days rest 4 weeks	Non-OVX	Bone formation and mechanical stability ↑
Leung et al., 2009	SD rats	35	0.3	20 min/day, 5 days/week 1/2/4 weeks	Non-OVX	Bone formation and mechanical stability ↑
Shi et al., 2010	SD rats	35	0.3	20 min/day, 5 days/week 2/4/8 weeks	OVX Sham	Bone formation and mechanical stability ↑ Callus formation ↑ mineralization ↑ Non-OVX bones were less sensitive to mechanical stimulation