TABLE 7.

LMHFV effects on fracture healing using sheep models.

References	Species	Frequency (Hz)	Magnitude (*g)	Time schedule	Main outcome
Li et al., 2018	Small-tail Han sheep	35	0.25	15 min/day continuous or intermittent at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days Start: 14 days post-OP	Callus formation ↑ mechanical properties ↑ Ca, P, Ca/P ratio ↑
Mu et al., 2019	Short-tailed Han sheep	35	0.25	15 min/day continuous or intermittent at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 17 days Start: 14 days post-OP	Callus formation ↑
Tan et al., 2016	Short-tailed Han sheep	35	0.25	15 min/day or intermittent at 7 days Start: 14 days post-OP	Callus volume ↑ Bone elastic modulus ↑ Ca, P, Ca/P ratio ↑
Tan et al., 2017	Small-tail sheep	35	0.3	20 min/day intermittent at 1, 3, 5 or 7 days Start: 7 days post-OP	Callus width and area ↑ week 4: ALP, BGP, TGFβ1 ↑ TRAP5b ↓ week 8: TGFβ1 ↑ TRAP5b ↓