Table 4.

Transcriptomic biomarkers identified in USWS for OSSC detection²⁰

Candidate biomarkers	Techniques	Clinical significance	References
Interleukin (IL)-1 , IL-8	ELISA	Angiogenesis, cell adhesion, chemotaxis, immune response, replication, signal transduction, proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis	Li et al.37 Elashoff et al.38
Dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1)	Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and microarrays followed by qPCR	Oxidative stress, protein modification, signal transduction	Li et al.37
H3 histone family 3A (H3F3A)	qPCR and microarrays followed by qPCR	DNA binding activity	Li et al.37
Long noncoding HOTAIR	qPCR and microarrays followed by qPCR	Expression of HOTAIR is associated with p53 gene and causes DNA damage	Tang et al.39
miR-125a, miR-200a, miR-31	qPCR and microarrays followed by qPCR	Posttranscriptional regulation by RNA silencing complex, cellular growth, and elevated levels in proliferation in OSCC	Liu et al.40 Park et al.41

(USWS: unstimulated whole saliva, OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PCR: polymerase chain reaction)