Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients in the primary and validation cohorts.
| Characteristic | Primary cohort | Internal validation cohort | External validation cohort | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.943 | |||
| Male | 139 (53.7%) | 58 (54.7%) | 88 (55.3%) | |
| Female | 120 (46.3%) | 48 (45.3%) | 71 (44.7%) | |
| Age, median (IQR), years | 49.00 (36.50–58.50) | 49.50 (38.00–57.50) | 50.00 (38.00–58.00) | 0.915 |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 22.20 (20.70–23.53) | 22.17 (20.75–23.88) | 22.49 (21.17–23.13) | 0.148 |
| pKPS | 0.691 | |||
| <70 | 78 (30.1%) | 29 (27.4%) | 42 (26.4%) | |
| ≥70 | 181 (69.9%) | 77 (72.6%) | 117 (73.6%) | |
| Tumor grade | 0.682 | |||
| LGG | 116 (44.8%) | 48 (45.3%) | 78 (49.1%) | |
| GBM | 143 (55.2%) | 58 (54.7%) | 81 (50.9%) | |
| pEO | 0.387 | |||
| Yes | 88 (33.9%) | 36 (34.0%) | 64 (40.3%) | |
| No | 171 (66.1%) | 70 (66.0%) | 95 (59.7%) | |
| SIRI | 1.40 (0.79–2.55) | 1.35 (0.70–1.94) | 1.37 (0.64–2.06) | 0.194 |
| Tumor volume, median (IQR), cm3 | 32.38 (15.76–50.71) | 31.44 (13.43–49.18) | 33.02 (15.99–50.18) | 0.368 |
| Tumor location | 0.891 | |||
| Supratentorial | 133 (51.4%) | 57 (53.8%) | 81 (50.9%) | |
| Infratentorial | 126 (48.6%) | 49 (46.2%) | 78 (49.9%) | |
| Tumor multifocality | 0.419 | |||
| Yes | 50 (19.3%) | 26 (24.5%) | 29 (18.2%) | |
| No | 209 (80.7%) | 80 (75.5%) | 130 (81.8%) | |
| Annular enhancement | 0.393 | |||
| Yes | 175 (67.6%) | 69 (65.1%) | 97 (61.1%) | |
| No | 84 (32.4%) | 37 (34.9%) | 62 (38.9%) | |
| Tumor necrosis volume, median (IQR), cm3 | 16.72 (9.56–23.25) | 15.19 (9.11–22.89) | 16.28 (8.98–22.96) | 0.274 |
| PTE, median (IQR), cm3 | 41.52 (20.69–63.76) | 40.38 (20.08–62.69) | 41.17 (20.91–63.33) | 0.597 |
IQR, interquartile range; pKPS, preoperative Karnofsky performance status; pEO, preoperative epilepsy occurrence; LGG, lower grade glioma; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index; PTE, peritumoral edema; P is obtained from the Kruskal–Wallis H-test and the χ2-test.