Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristic of the participants.
| Variables | PD-FOG (n = 23) | PD-nFOG (n = 33) | HC (n = 24) | P-values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, Male/Female | 11/12 | 18/15 | 12/12 | 0.875d |
| Age (years) | 65.00 ± 6.59 | 63.79 ± 8.35 | 62.29 ± 6.03 | 0.189a |
| MMSE | 25.63 ± 3.43 | 26.09 ± 4.13 | 27.25 ± 1.96 | 0.366a |
| Disease duration (years) | 6.02 ± 5.27 | 3.27 ± 3.30 | NA | 0.007b |
| Hoehn & Yahr stage | 2.45 ± 0.52 | 2.09 ± 0.46 | NA | 0.018b |
| UPDRS-I | 2.08 ± 2.27 | 1.05 ± 1.51 | NA | 0.046b |
| UPDRS-II | 10.98 ± 6.80 | 7.23 ± 4.12 | NA | 0.011c |
| UPDRS-III | 28.78 ± 1.76 | 27.86 ± 1.32 | NA | 0.820c |
| UPDRS-IV | 2.87 ± 2.94 | 0.77 ± 1.40 | NA | 0.001b |
| GFQ | 16.22 ± 1.27 | 3.4 ± 2.79 | NA | 0.001b |
| FOGQ | 9.59 ± 6.41 | 1.60 ± 1.64 | NA | 0.001b |
| LEDD | 494.51 ± 309.35 | 316.63 ± 188.76 | NA | 0.010c |
Data were presented as means ± standard deviations. Abbreviations: PD-FOG, Parkinson’s disease with freezing of gait; PD-nFOG, Parkinson’s disease without freezing of gait; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; GFQ, Gait and Falls Questionnaire; FOGQ, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire; NA, not applicable. aP-values for comparisons between the three groups obtained using Kruskal-Wallis H test; bP-values for differences between PD-FOG and PD-nFOG participants obtained using Mann-Whitney U test; cP-values for comparisons between PD-FOG and PD-nFOG participants obtained two-sample t-test; dP-values obtained using χ2 test between the three groups.