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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2020 Jul 18;35:100361. doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100361

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Directed acyclical graphs describing theoretical causal links between an exposure of interest (E), an outcome of interest (D), and the population at risk (P).