Table 1.
Characteristics of the recruited participants
| Total | Men | Women | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 12,476 | n = 8,027 | n = 4,449 | ||
| Age (years) | 47 ± 9 | 48 ± 9 | 47 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 23.1 ± 3.3 | 23.9 ± 3.0 | 21.6 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 3,780 (30.3) | 3,055 (38.1) | 725 (16.3) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116 ± 16 | 119 ± 15 | 110 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 ± 11 | 77 ± 10 | 69 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Smoking habit | 4,362 (35.8) | 3,532 (45.1) | 830 (19.1) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking habit | 3,274 (26.2) | 2,742 (34.2) | 532 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| Family history of DM | 2,174 (17.4) | 1,270 (15.8) | 904 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 714 (9.9) | 809 (10.1) | 299 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Antidyslipidemic drugs | 1,108 (8.9) | 315 (3.9) | 171 (3.8) | 0.836 |
| Biochemical data | ||||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 85 ± 13 | 84 ± 12 | 87 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 89 ± 9 | 91 ± 9 | 86 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 21 (18–26) | 22 (19–28) | 19 (16–22) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 20 (15–30) | 25 (18–36) | 15 (12–20) | <0.001 |
| γGTP (U/L) | 30 (19–55) | 62 (27–72) | 18 (14–26) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 204 ± 33 | 205 ± 33 | 203 ± 33 | 0.052 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121 ± 30 | 123 ± 30 | 118 ± 30 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 61 ± 15 | 56 ± 14 | 69 ± 15 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 91 (63–135) | 109 (77–157) | 67 (50–93) | <0.001 |
| Urine pH | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
Variables are expressed as number (%), mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile ranges).
†
Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥25. γGTP, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.