Table 1.
Description of eligible studies
| Study | Reference, year (citation) | Age at exposure | Mean dosea | Dose range | 100+ mSv/mGy, % | Solid cancers | Leukemia | Cohort size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental | ||||||||
| Chernobyl residents (leukemia) | Davis, 2006 (12) | Childhood | 6 mGyb | 0–265 mGy | 20% >5 mGy | — | 421 | — |
| Three Mile Island | Han, 2011 (13) | Adulthood | 0.1 mSv | 0–0.8 mSv | 0% | 1643 | 55 | 21 494 |
| Chinese background | Tao, 2012 (14) | Adulthood | 66 mGy | 0–125+ mGy | 11% | 941 | 15 | 31 604 |
| GB background | Kendall, 2013 (15) | Childhood | 4 mSv | 0–31 mSv | 0% | 18 389 | 9058 | — |
| Swiss background | Spycher, 2015 (16) | Childhood | 9 mSv | 0–49 mSv | 0% | 1252 | 530 | 2 093 660 |
| Techa river | Davis, 2015 (17) | All ages | 60 mGy | 0–960 mGy | 11%d | 1993 | — | 17 435 |
| Finnish background | Nikkila, 2016 (18) | Childhood | 2 mSvc | 0–12 mSv | 0% | — | 1093 | — |
| Taiwanese residents | Hsieh, 2017 (19) | All ages | 48 mSv | 0–2363 mSv | 9% | 236 | 11 | 6242 |
| Medical | ||||||||
| Canadian cardiac imaging | Eisenberg, 2011 (20) | Adulthood | 20 mSvd | 0–30+ mSv | 1%d | 12 020 | — | 82 861 |
| French pediatric CT (brain/leukemia) | Journy, 2016 (21) | Childhood | 23/9 mGye | 0–100+ mGy | 2%/1%e | 15 | 12 | 58 620 |
| UK pediatric CT (brain/leukemia) | Berrington, 2016 (22) | Childhood | 43/12 mGye | 0–400+ mGy | 6%/1%e | 112 | 70 | 178 604 |
| PIRATES (low dose) (thyroid) | Lubin, 2017 (23) | Childhood | 30 mGy | 0–200 mGy | 10% | 394 | — | 107 594 |
| Occupational | ||||||||
| Korean workers | Ahn, 2008 (24) | Adulthood | 6 mSv | 0–50+ mSv | <1%d | 247 | 9 | 79 679 |
| Chernobyl liquidators (leukemia) | Kesminiene, 2008 (25) | Adulthood | 51 mGy | 0–500+ mGy | 14% | — | 19 | — |
| UKNRRW | Muirhead, 2009 (26) | Adulthood | 25 mSv | 0–600+ mSv | 6% | 10 855 | 362 | 174 541 |
| Korean nuclear workers | Jeong, 2010 (27) | Adulthood | 20 mSv | 0–480 mSv | 5% | 203 | — | 16 236 |
| Rocketdyne workers | Boice, 2011 (28) | Adulthood | 14 mSv | 0–1000 mSv | 3% | 648 | 25 | 46 970 |
| Japanese workers | Akiba, 2012 (29) | Adulthood | 12 mSv | 0–<450 mSv | 3% | 2636 | 80 | 200 583 |
| Ukrainian Chernobyl liquidators (leukemia) | Zablotska, 2013 (30) | Adulthood | 82 mGy | 0–2600 mGy | 22% | — | 52 | — |
| Canadian nuclear workers | Zablotska, 2014 (31) | Adulthood | 22 mSv | 0–679 mSv | 3% | 437 | 21 | 45 316 |
| German nuclear workers | Merzenich, 2014 (32) | Adulthood | 30 mSv | 0–100+ mSv | 9% | 119 | 7 | 8746 |
| US nuclear workers | Schubauer-Berigan, 2015 (33) | Adulthood | 20 mSv | 0–700 mSv | 5% | 10 877 | 369 | 119 195 |
| INWORKS | Richardson, 2015 (34) | Adulthood | 21/16 mGyg | 0–1332 mGy | 3%/3%d,g | 17 957 | 531 | 308 297 |
| US atomic veterans | Caldwell, 2016 (35) | Adulthood | 9 mGy | 0–580 mGy | <1%d | 1922 | na | 114 270 |
| USRT (breast, skin, and brain cancers) | Preston, 2016 (36) | Adulthood | 37/56/12 mGyf | 0–1735 mGy | 8%/14%/<1%f | 1922/3615/193f | — | 110 000 |
| French nuclear workers | Leuraud, 2017 (37) | Adulthood | 26 mSv | 0–669 mSv | 3%d | 2536 | 57 | 59 004 |
a
See Daniels et al. (2020) (6) for details of the dose metrics. C-C = case-control; na = not available; INWORKS = International Nuclear Workers Study.
b
Dose in the controls.
c
Median dose.
d
Assuming log-normal distribution.
e
Brain/red bone marrow dose.
f
Breast/skin/brain cancers.
g
Solid cancers/leukemia.