Figure 2.

Molecular interpretation of AspH in MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. (A) Insulin- and IGF-1-stimulated AspH expression is mediated by signals transmitted through MAPK and PI3K. The AspH protein in turn inhibits the phosphorylation of downstream GSK3β, which contributes to tumor progression. (B) Inhibitory effect of AspH on GSK3β phosphorylation can be reversed using SMIs targeting AspH hydroxylase activity. AspH, aspartate β-hydroxylase; SMI, small-molecule inhibitor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1.