Table 1.

Effects of tree species diversity on (a) insect herbivory and (b) leaf phenolic concentration. Comparison of models with species richness, birch evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) or both diversity metrics as predictors. Bold predictors have a significant effect. AICc*: best (lowest) AICc

Predictors	Standardized estimate ± SD	df	t value	p value	$R_{\text{m}}^2\left(R_{\text{c}}^2\right)$	AICc	Random intercept effects (variance ± SD)
							Site	Block:Site	Plot:Block:Site
(a) Herbivory
w/Sp. richness					0.00 (0.57)	2,322.47*	3.10 ± 1.76	0.25 ± 0.50	0.46 ± 0.68
Intercept	3.81 ± 0.53	11.28	7.24	<0.001
Species richness	−0.03 ± 0.09	143.74	−0.34	0.737
w/Birch ED					0.00 (0.57)	2,322.57*	3.10 ± 1.76	0.25 ± 0.50	0.46 ± 0.68
Intercept	3.81 ± 0.53	11.28	7.25	<0.001
Birch ED	0.01 ± 0.09	122.90	0.11	0.916
w/Sp. richness and Birch ED					0.00 (0.57)	2,328.52	3.07 ± 1.75	0.25 ± 0.50	0.45 ± 0.67
Intercept	3.75 ± 0.53	11.42	7.12	<0.001
Species richness	0.01 ± 0.10	140.37	0.11	0.916
Birch ED	0.16 ± 0.13	128.18	1.20	0.231
Sp. richness × Birch ED	0.27 ± 0.17	135.56	1.56	0.121
(b) Phenolics
w/Sp. richness					0.00 (0.65)	5,819.74	5,930 ± 77	0 ± 0	1663 ± 41
Intercept	332.29 ± 23.67	10.09	14.04	<0.001
Species richness	4.35 ± 4.67	146.67	0.93	0.353
w/Birch ED					0.02 (0.65)	5,810.79	5,953 ± 77	0 ± 0	1,446 ± 38
Intercept	331.80 ± 23.68	10.09	14.01
Birch ED	−15.05 ± 4.71	126.40	−3.19	0.002
w/Sp. richness and Birch ED					0.03 (0.65)	5,798.61*	5,997 ± 77	0 ± 0	1,375 ± 37
Intercept	332.00 ± 23.87	10.26	13.91	<0.001
Species richness	10.74 ± 4.90	141.50	2.19	0.030
Birch ED	−19.33 ± 6.87	147.95	−2.82	<0.006
Sp. richness × Birch ED	−0.43 ± 8.98	156.27	−0.05	0.962