Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to duration of heart failure.
| Characteristic | HF ≥2 months-1 year (N=1098) |
HF >1-2 years (N=686) |
HF >2-5 years (N=1105) |
HF >5 years (N=1855) |
P-value for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age – years | 64.4±11.7 | 64.9±11.4 | 66.4±10.5 | 68.1±10.1 | <0.001 |
| Age >75 years – no. (%) | 195 (17.8) | 132 (19.2) | 206 (18.6) | 470 (25.3) | <0.001 |
| Female sex – no. (%) | 251 (22.9) | 156 (22.7) | 260 (23.5) | 442 (23.8) | 0.487 |
| Race or ethnic group – no. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| White | 740 (67.4) | 471 (68.7) | 785 (71.0) | 1337 (72.1) | |
| Black | 30 (2.7) | 28 (4.1) | 64 (5.8) | 104 (5.6) | |
| Asian | 304 (27.7) | 176 (25.7) | 244 (22.1) | 392 (21.1) | |
| Other | 24 (2.2) | 11 (1.6) | 12 (1.1) | 22 (1.2) | |
| Region – no. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| North America | 121 (11.0) | 78 (11.4) | 164 (14.8) | 314 (16.9) | |
| Latin America | 176 (16.0) | 124 (18.1) | 203 (18.4) | 314 (16.9) | |
| Europe | 498 (45.4) | 312 (45.5) | 502 (45.4) | 842 (45.4) | |
| Asia Pacific | 303 (27.6) | 172 (25.1) | 236 (21.4) | 385 (20.8) | |
| Systolic BP- mmHg | 123.6±16.7 | 122.2±16.4 | 121.8±15.9 | 120.6±16.2 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate – bpm | 72.9±11.9 | 71.9±12.4 | 72.1±11.3 | 70.2±11.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI - kg/m2 | 27.7±5.9 | 28.0±5.9 | 28.3±5.9 | 28.4±6.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI classification | 0.003 | ||||
| Obesity (BMI≥30) | 360 (32.8) | 244 (35.6) | 399 (36.1) | 669 (36.1) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25-29.9) | 374 (34.1) | 246 (35.9) | 402 (36.4) | 700 (37.8) | |
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) | 342 (31.1) | 180 (26.2) | 284 (25.7) | 455 (24.6) | |
| Underweight (BMI<18.5) | 22 (2.0) | 16 (2.3) | 20 (1.8) | 29 (1.6) | |
| Hemoglobin – g/L | 136.4±16.6 | 134.9±16.7 | 136.0±15.7 | 134.9±16.0 | 0.040 |
| Serum Creatinine – μmol/L | 98.9±28.7 | 102.4±30.2 | 106.4±30.2 | 107.3±31.1 | <0.001 |
| eGFR - mL/min/1.73m2 | 70.3±20.0 | 68.0±20.3 | 64.5±19.3 | 63.0±18.2 | <0.001 |
| Clinical HF features | |||||
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy – no. (%) | 575 (52.4) | 400 (58.3) | 621 (56.2) | 1078 (58.1) | 0.009 |
| LVEF - % | 31.9±6.7 | 31.2±6.7 | 31.1±6.6 | 30.5±6.9 | <0.001 |
| Median NT-proBNP (IQR) pmol/L | 1374 (807-2536) | 1387 (843-2748) | 1489 (890-2825) | 1477 (879-2597) | 0.056 |
| Median NT-proBNP (IQR) pmol/L if AF history | 1812 (1107-3074) | 1841 (1157-3110) | 1818 (1170-3083) | 1744 (1084-3019) | 0.476 |
| Median NT-proBNP (IQR) pmol/L if no AF history | 1238 (737-2268) | 1217 (724-2412) | 1293 (739-2492) | 1269 (759-2298) | 0.287 |
| NYHA Class – no. (%) | 0.592 | ||||
| II | 761 (69.3) | 442 (64.4) | 756 (68.4) | 1244 (67.1) | |
| III | 323 (29.4) | 233 (34.0) | 343 (31.0) | 599 (32.3) | |
| IV | 14 (1.3) | 11 (1.6) | 6 (0.5) | 12 (0.6) | |
| KCCQ-TSS (baseline). (IQR) | 79.2 (60.4-93.8) | 79.2 (60.4-91.7) | 77.1 (58.3-91.7) | 77.1 (58.3-91.7) | 0.019 |
| KCCQ-CSS (baseline) (IQR) | 76.0 (58.3-89.6) | 75.0 (56.9-87.5) | 74.3 (56.9-88.9) | 73.6 (55.6-87.5) | 0.002 |
| Medical History – no. (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 773 (70.4) | 503 (73.3) | 827 (74.8) | 1419 (76.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (history) | 421 (38.3) | 294 (42.9) | 474 (42.9) | 794 (42.8) | 0.031 |
| Diabetes (at randomization) | 467 (42.5) | 311 (45.3) | 510 (46.2) | 851 (45.9) | 0.090 |
| Atrial Fibrillation (History) | 343 (31.2) | 226 (32.9) | 434 (39.3) | 815 (43.9) | <0.001 |
| Atrial Fibrillation (ECG) | 234 (21.3) | 142 (20.7) | 255 (23.1) | 440 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| Prior HF hospitalization | 569 (51.8) | 324 (47.2) | 503 (45.5) | 855 (46.1) | 0.003 |
| MI | 403 (36.7) | 312 (45.5) | 479 (43.3) | 898 (48.4) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 86 (7.8) | 56 (8.2) | 109 (9.9) | 215 (11.6) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 125 (11.4) | 92 (13.4) | 138 (12.5) | 230 (12.4) | 0.587 |
| CKD (eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73m2) | 352 (32.1) | 241 (35.1) | 484 (43.8) | 849 (45.8) | <0.001 |
| Anemia* | 295 (27.0) | 199 (29.3) | 281 (25.6) | 527 (28.7) | 0.560 |
| HF treatments – no. (%) | |||||
| ACEi/ARB/ARNI | 1036 (94.4) | 641 (93.4) | 1025 (92.8) | 1740 (93.8) | 0.569 |
| B-blocker | 1042 (94.9) | 660 (96.2) | 1068 (96.7) | 1788 (96.4) | 0.053 |
| Diuretic | 1023 (93.2) | 649 (94.6) | 1043 (94.4) | 1718 (92.6) | 0.393 |
| Digitalis | 164 (14.9) | 124 (18.1) | 221 (20.0) | 378 (20.4) | <0.001 |
| MRA | 799 (72.8) | 506 (73.8) | 797 (72.1) | 1268 (68.4) | 0.004 |
| ICD/CRT-D | 117 (10.7) | 144 (21.0) | 297 (26.9) | 684 (36.9) | <0.001 |
| CRT-P/CRT-D | 24 (2.2) | 32 (4.7) | 93 (8.4) | 205 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes treatments – no. (%)† | |||||
| Biguanides | 238 (56.5) | 158 (53.7) | 243 (51.3) | 377 (47.5) | 0.002 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 55 (13.1) | 34 (11.6) | 76 (16.0) | 145 (18.3) | 0.004 |
| GLP-1 analogues | 2 (0.5) | 5 (1.7) | 6 (1.3) | 8 (1.0) | 0.623 |
| Sulfonylureas | 104 (24.7) | 67 (22.8) | 91 (19.2) | 176 (22.2) | 0.278 |
| Insulin | 91 (21.6) | 71 (24.2) | 140 (29.5) | 238 (30.0) | 0.001 |
Interquartile range (IQR), blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), heart failure (HF), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), NT-proB-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP), atrial fibrillation (AF), electrocardiogram (ECG), New York Heart Association (NYHA), Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score and clinical summary score (KCCQ-TSS and -CSS).
Myocardial infarction (MI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), beta-blocker (B-blocker), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with pacemaker (P) or defibrillator (D).
Anemia: Hemoglobin <130 g/L in males and Hemoglobin <120 g/L in females.
Only in patients with a pre-trial history of diabetes.
Units: millimeters of mercury (mmHg), beats per minute (bpm), kilograms per meter squared (kg/m2), grams per liter (g/L), micromoles per liter (μmol/L), picomoles per liter (pmol/L).