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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 6.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2014 Apr 10;114(11):5815–47. doi: 10.1021/cr400401e

Table 1. Conopeptide gene superfamilies.

Gene superfamily # Protein precursorsb # Nucleic sequencesb Cysteine frameworks occurring in superfamily Consensus of signal peptide sequencec
A 202 234 I, II, IV, XIV MGMRMMFTVFLLVVLATTVVSXTS
B1 14 5 (disulfide poor conantokins) MXLYTYLYLLVPLVTFHLILGXGT
B2 1 VIII MLRLITAAVLVSACLA
B3 1 1 XXIV METLTLLWRASSSCLLVVLSHSLLRLLG
C 4 7 (disulfide poor contulakins) MXXAYWVMVMMMVXIXAPLSEG
D 28 14 XV, XX MPKLEMMLLVLLILPLXYFDAAGG
E 1 XXII MMTRVFFAMFFLMALTEG
F 1 MQRGAVLLGVVALLVLWPQAGA
G 1 1 XIII MSGMGVLLLVLLLVMPLAA
H 7 VI/VII MNTAGRLLLLCLALGVLVFESLG
I1 17 10 VI/VII, XI MKLXXTFLLXLXILPXXXG
I2 57 38 XI, XII MMFRXTSVXCFLLVIXXLNL
I3 7 8 VI/VII, XI MKLVLAIVXILMLLSLSTGA
J 12 12 XIV MPSVRSVTCCCLLWXMLSXXLVTPGSP
K 4 1 XXIII MIMRMTLTLFVLVVMTAASASG
L 13 8 XIV MXXXVMFXVXLXLTMPLTX
M 361 333 I, II, III, IV, VI/VII, IX, X, XIV, XVI MMXKXGVXMLXIXLXLFPLXXXQLDA
N 3 XV MSTLKMMLLILLLLLPXATFDSDG
O1 460 559 I, VI/VII, XII, XIV MMKLTCVXIVAVLFLTAXXLXTAXXSA
O2 84 73 VI/VII, XIV, XV MEKLTILLLVAAVLMSTQALXQS
O3 28 22 VI/VII MSGLGIMVLTLLLLVFMXTSHQ
P 9 5 IX MHXXLXXSAVLXLXLLXAXXNFXXVQ
S 13 8 VIII MMXKMGAMFVLLLLFXLXSSQQ
T 157 143 I, V, X, XVI MRCLPVFXILLLLIXSAPSVDA
V 2 2 XV MMPVILLLLLSLAIRXXDG
Y 1 1 XVII MQKATVLLLALLLLLPLSTA
a

Conopeptides gene superfamilies are defined by the similarity of the signal peptide regions in conopeptide precursors. The founding reference for each superfamily can be found on the ConoServer website (http://www.conoserver.org), which also provides regular updates to this table and additional statistics. Definitions of the cysteine frameworks are in Table 2.

b

Number of protein and nucleic precursors catalogued in ConoServer.

c

The consensus signal sequence was obtained by establishing determining amino acids with at least 60% of conservation at each position of the signal sequence in all protein precursors in ConoServer.