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Characterization of gadolinium-doped ZnO nanoparticles. From left to right and top to bottom: XRD patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IrTIR) spectra of the nanostructures at different doping levels, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images of 3% Gd-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Adapted from ref. [177].
