Figure 2.

The economic burden of neurological disorders in the EU. This schematic shows the costs of treating a range of different brain disorders in the EU. It is noteworthy that implanted devices are used to treat only tens of thousands of patients with Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy globally, and are still often seen as a therapy of last resort. The limited penetration of invasive neurotechnology will benefit from continued technological advances and efficacy improvements. Minimally invasive technologies, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (Fox et al., 2012, Fitzgerald et al., 2003) was recently approved for depression, and already serves hundreds of thousands of patients per year – an order of magnitude greater than even the most successful invasive therapies. (Reproduced with permission from (DiLuca and Olesen, 2014).