Figure 23.

Electrogenic cells are often electroporated in order to allow intracellular potentials to be sensed, however Dipalo et al. have shown plasmonic nanoelectrode-based optoporation also works. (A) Recorded voltage as a function of measurement time, for a cardiac cell seeded on nanoelectrodes, showing two sequential improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio after an increasing number of electrodes are optoporated. (B) The equivalent circuit diagram model of the cell-nanostructure interface, illustrating how sequentially optoporating nanoelectrodes reduces the junction resistance between cell and electrode, while increasing the membrane seal resistance. Adapted with permission.^[96] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.