Table 4.

Multivariate Analysis Results Showing Factors Associated With Being a Current Smoker

Characteristics	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	p	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p
Age in years	1.00 (0.99, 1.02)	.997	1.00 (0.98, 1.02)	.954
Sex
Female	1.00		1.00
Male	6.99 (4.36, 11.21)	<.001	6.60 (4.34, 10.04)	<.001
Education
None	1.00		1.00
Primary	1.48 (0.90, 2.42)	.120	0.69 (0.39, 1.22)	.203
Secondary/tertiary/university/vocational	1.53 (0.45, 3.13)	.243	0.58 (0.28, 1.21)	.145
Years on ART	0.98 (0.96, 0.99)	.036	1.02 (0.98, 1.07)	.351
Smokers among five closest friends
0	1.00		1.00
1	3.76 (2.72, 5.19)	<.001	1.75 (0.92, 3.35)	.089
2+	10.26 (5.91, 17.83)	<.001	3.97 (2.08, 7.59)	<.001
Smoke-free/smoking-permitted home
Smoke-free home	1.00		1.00
Smoking-permitted home	6.71 (3.80, 11.83)	<.001	5.83 (3.32, 10.23)	<.001
Current alcohol consumption
No	1.00		1.00
Yes	5.65 (3.67, 8.69)	<.001	3.96 (2.34, 6.71)	<.001
ASSIST-Lite score (cannabis)
0	1.00		1.00
1+	7.9 (2.92, 21.35)	<.001	3.84 (0.88, 16.88)	.075
Use of other psychoactive substances
No	1.00		1.00
Yes	2.82 (1.31, 6.09)	.008	1.17 (0.47, 2.96)	.735
Perceived Stress Score	1.47 (1.00, 2.15)	.051	2.23 (1.50, 3.34)	<.001
HRQoL: mean EQ-5D-3L score	2.51 (0.83, 7.54)	.102	5.25 (1.18, 23.35)	.030

The following variables were not included in the multivariate model despite having a p value <.2 in the bivariate analysis: “Years since HIV diagnosis” because of collinearity with “Years on ART”; “Number of smokers in the household” because of collinearity with “smokers among five closest friends” and poor model fit; “Smoking in front of children” because of collinearity with “smoke-free/smoking-permitted home.” ART = antiretroviral therapy; CI = confidence interval; HRQoL = health-related quality of life; OR = odds ratio.