Table 3. Factors Associated With Ever HIV Self-Testing in Women.
| Ever HIV Self-Testing | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Row % (n) | Unadjusted PD % (95% CI) | P * | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | P * | Adjusted PR (95% CI) | P * | |
| Level 1: Age | ||||||||
| Age group† | ||||||||
| 16–19 yrs | 209 | 46.4 (97) | 4.9 (−2.7 to 12.5) | <0.001 | 1.12 (0.93 to 1.33) | <0.001 | ||
| 20–24 yrs | 268 | 50.0 (134) | 6.8 (0.0 to 14.0) | 1.15 (0.99 to 1.34) | ||||
| 25–39 yrs | 525 | 41.3 (217) | 0.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 40+ yrs | 454 | 30.0 (136) | −11.8 (−17.6 to −6.0) | 0.71 (0.6 to 0.84) | ||||
| Level 2a: sociodemographic factors Head of household | ||||||||
| No | 1042 | 42.3 (441) | 0.0 | 0.007 | 1.0 | 0.01 | 1.0 | 0.39 |
| Yes | 414 | 34.5 (143) | −7.4 (−12.8 to −2.0) | 0.83 (0.72 to 0.96) | 0.94 (0.8 to 1.09) | |||
| Married or living with partner | ||||||||
| No | 488 | 32.8 (160) | 0.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.002 |
| Yes | 968 | 43.8 (424) | 10.9 (5.7 to 16.0) | 1.31 (1.14 to 1.51) | 1.26 (1.09 to 1.46) | |||
| Children | ||||||||
| No | 196 | 37.8 (74) | 0.0 | 0.65 | 1.0 | 0.59 | 1.0 | 0.01 |
| Yes | 1260 | 40.5 (510) | 1.6 (−5.3 to 8.5) | 1.05 (0.87 to 1.28) | 1.38 (1.08 to 1.76) | |||
| Level 2b: Socioeconomic factors Educational attainment‡ | ||||||||
| None | 334 | 30.5 (102) | 0.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Primary | 975 | 41.9 (409) | 13.5 (8.0 to 19.0) | 1.47 (1.24 to 1.75) | 1.31 (1.09 to 1.57) | |||
| Secondary or higher | 147 | 49.7 (73) | 25.2 (15.7 to 34.7) | 1.99 (1.57 to 2.52) | 1.66 (1.29 to 2.13) | |||
| Household wealth status | ||||||||
| Lowest | 490 | 35.7 (175) | 0.0 | 0.003 | 1.0 | 0.002 | 1.0 | 0.002 |
| Middle | 477 | 39.8 (190) | 4.0 (−1.9 to 9.9) | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.3) | 1.08 (0.92 to 1.26) | |||
| Highest | 489 | 44.8 (219) | 10.6 (4.5 to 16.7) | 1.31 (1.13 to 1.53) | 1.3 (1.12 to 1.52) | |||
| Level 3a: Sexual behavior factors Condomless sex in the past 3 mo§ | ||||||||
| No | 469 | 31.1 (146) | 0.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.19 |
| Yes | 608 | 45.9 (279) | 12.6 (7.3 to 17.9) | 1.38 (1.19 to 1.6) | 1.21 (0.91 to 1.61) | |||
| Level 3b: Health behavior factors Self-rated health status | ||||||||
| Poor/fair | 279 | 33.0 (92) | 0.0 | 0.005 | 1.0 | 0.008 | 1.0 | 0.29 |
| Good | 831 | 41.3 (343) | 8.6 (2.4 to 14.8) | 1.26 (1.05 to 1.51) | 1.08 (0.9 to 1.29) | |||
| Very good | ||||||||
| No. of HIV tests before the past 12 mo‖ | 345 | 42.9 (148) | 11.8 (4.3 to 19.3) | 1.37 (1.12 to 1.68) | 1.17 (0.95 to 1.44) | |||
| 0 | 260 | 18.1 (47) | 0.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| 1–2 | 418 | 39.2 (164) | 18.9 (12.6 to 25.2) | 2.13 (1.6 to 2.83) | 2.03 (1.52 to 2.71) | |||
| 3–5 | 457 | 48.1 (220) | 26.0 (19.6 to 32.4) | 2.49 (1.89 to 3.29) | 2.51 (1.89 to 3.34) | |||
| 6+ | 228 | 48.7 (111) | 27.3 (19.2 to 35.3) | 2.57 (1.92 to 3.43) | 2.59 (1.91 to 3.51) | |||
| Household uptake of HIVST | ||||||||
| No | 922 | 30.0 (277) | 0.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 534 | 57.5 (307) | 24.4 (19.3 to 29.6) | 1.79 (1.58 to 2.02) | 1.77 (1.56 to 2.01) | |||
The table presents PDs and PRs for each model. All models account for clustering using a cluster fixed effect. The adjusted set of models account for variables higher in the conceptual framework and associated with the outcome at P < 0.10 level. Models in Level 1 adjusted for cluster. Models in Level 2 adjusted for cluster and age. Models in Level 3 adjusted for cluster, sociodemographic variables, and socioeconomic variables.
P value for the Wald test.
The 25–39-year age group was used as the base category due to a higher HIV testing prevalence in this subgroup. Test for linear trend, P < 0.001.
Test for linear trend, P = 0.01.
Results of multiple imputation analysis presented. Complete case analysis, PD: 13.8 (8.3, 19.4), P < 0.001; PR: 1.44 (1.23–1.68), P < 0.001; adjusted PR: 1.24 (0.94 –1.64), P = 0.13.
Test for linear trend, P = 0.002.
PD, prevalence difference.