. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2021 Apr 13;30(6):1270–1274. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-1726

Table 2. Renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality in relation to a 100 g/day increment in the consumption of juices, total soft drinks, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, and artificially-sweetened soft drinks in the EPIC study.

			Adjusted model^c			Additionally adjusted for BMI and energy intake^d				Adjusted model^c			Additionally adjusted for BMI and energy intake^d
				RCC incidence^a								RCC mortality^b
	Participants	Cases	HR (95% CI) per 100 g/day	P	*P_interaction*	HR (95% CI) per 100 g/day	P	*P_interaction*	Deaths	HR (95% CI) per 100 g/day	P	*P_interaction*	HR (95% CI) per 100 g/day	P	*P_interaction*
Juice intake
Overall	389,220	888	1.03 (0.97-1.09)	0.31		1.03 (0.97-1.09)	0.39		356	1.08 (0.99-1.17)	0.11		1.06 (0.97-1.16)	0.20
Women	264,652	373	1.02 (0.93-1.12)	0.71	0.78	1.02 (0.92-1.12)	0.74	0.82	158	1.18 (1.07-1.30)	0.001	0.02	1.17 (1.05-1.29)	0.003	0.02
Men	124,568	515	1.04 (0.97-1.11)	0.32		1.03 (0.96-1.10)	0.40		198	0.94 (0.80-1.11)	0.50		0.93 (0.79-1.09)	0.38
Total soft drink intake
Overall	389,220	888	1.02 (0.99-1.06)	0.21		1.01 (0.98-1.05)	0.46		356	1.05 (1.00-1.10)	0.06		1.03 (0.98-1.09)	0.28
Women	264,652	373	1.05 (0.99-1.11)	0.08	0.25	1.04 (0.98-1.10)	0.19	0.32	158	1.09 (1.02-1.17)	0.01	0.16	1.07 (1.00-1.15)	0.07	0.19
Men	124,568	515	1.01 (0.96-1.06)	0.76		1.00 (0.95-1.05)	0.99		198	1.02 (0.95-1.09)	0.66		1.00 (0.93-1.08)	0.97
Sugar-sweetened soft drink intake^e
Overall	281,483	589	1.00 (0.95-1.06)	0.95		0.99 (0.94-1.05)	0.84		265	0.99 (0.91-1.09)	0.90		0.97 (0.89-1.07)	0.56
Women	197,502	242	1.04 (0.95-1.14)	0.42	0.38	1.03 (0.94-1.13)	0.53	0.38	123	1.07 (0.95-1.20)	0.27	0.16	1.05 (0.93-1.18)	0.44	0.15
Men	83,981	347	0.98 (0.92-1.06)	0.67		0.98 (0.91-1.05)	0.53		142	0.94 (0.83-1.07)	0.35		0.92 (0.81-1.05)	0.21
Artificially-sweetened soft drink intake^e
Overall	281,483	589	1.03 (0.97-1.09)	0.32		1.02 (0.96-1.08)	0.61		265	1.08 (1.01-1.16)	0.03		1.06 (0.99-1.14)	0.11
Women	197,502	242	1.06 (0.98-1.15)	0.13	0.32	1.05 (0.96-1.14)	0.28	0.37	123	1.10 (1.01-1.21)	0.03	0.52	1.08 (0.98-1.19)	0.11	0.57
Men	83,981	347	1.00 (0.93-1.09)	0.93		0.99 (0.91-1.08)	0.85		142	1.06 (0.95-1.17)	0.30		1.04 (0.93-1.15)	0.49

Incident RCC was defined as histologically-confirmed first invasive RCC diagnosis coded according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) C64.

RCC deaths included all deaths where the underlying cause of death was ICD-10 C64.

Multivariable Cox regression models were stratified by sex and country and adjusted for age at recruitment (years), educational attainment (none/primary school, technical or professional school, secondary school, longer education including university), smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol consumption (continuous, g/day), physical activity (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active), juice intake (continuous, g/day; for soft drink analyses), and total soft drink intake (continuous, g/day; for juice analyses). Sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened soft drinks were mutually adjusted.

Models were as described for the adjusted model^c and additionally adjusted for body mass index (continuous, kg/m²) and total energy intake (continuous, kcal/day).

Umeå (Sweden) and centres in Italy and Spain were not included in these analyses as information on types of soft drinks was not available.

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; RCC, renal cell carcinoma