Table 1. Participant characteristics for the GUSTO and NUH cohorts, and both cohorts combined.
| Characteristics | Combined GUSTO+NUH | GUSTO | NUH | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=5,168) | (n=1,100) | (n=4,068) | ||
| Age (year), mean (SD) | 32.8 (4.7) | 31.2 (5.1) | 33.3 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Chinese | 2,229 (43.1) | 628 (57.1) | 1,601 (39.3) | |
| Malay | 1,426 (27.6) | 276 (25.1) | 1,150 (28.3) | |
| Indian | 854 (16.5) | 196 (17.8) | 658 (16.2) | |
| Others | 659 (12.8) | - | 659 (16.2) | |
| Height (cm), mean (SD) | 158.4 (6.1) | 158.3 (5.6) | 158.4 (6.2) | 0.521 |
| Early pregnancy weight (kg), mean (SD) | 61.6 (12.7) | 59.3 (12.4) | 62.3 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| Early pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.6 (4.9) | 23.6 (4.7) | 24.8 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Glucose measures (mmol/L), mean (SD) | ||||
| FPG | 4.4 (0.5) | 4.4 (0.5) | 4.4 (0.5) | 0.993 |
| 1hPG† | - | - | 8.2 (1.8) | |
| 2hPG | 6.7 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.5) | 6.8 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| GDM, n (%) | ||||
| WHO 1999 criteria | 1,140 (22.1) | 207 (18.8) | 933 (22.9) | 0.003 |
| WHO 2013 criteria | - | - | 889 (21.9) | |
| GDM-related complications, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | 184 (3.6) | 68 (6.2) | 116 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) | 330 (6.4) | 81 (7.4) | 249 (6.1) | 0.133 |
| Emergency cesarean section | 727 (14.1) | 106 (9.6) | 621 (15.3) | <0.001 |
| NICU admission | 334 (6.5) | 72 (6.6) | 262 (6.4) | 0.900 |
| Macrosomia (≥4 kg) | 85 (1.7) | 19 (1.7) | 66 (1.6) | 0.808 |
| Low birthweight (<2.5 kg) | 433 (8.4) | 94 (8.6) | 339 (8.3) | 0.821 |
†
Only available in the NUH cohort with oral glucose tolerance test at three time-point.
*
Significant difference between GUSTO and NUH cohorts using independent samples t-test for continuous data and Chi-square test for categorical data.
1hPG, 1-h plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-h plasma glucose; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; NICU, neonatal intensive care units; SD, standard deviation