Table 2. Association of GDM and pregnancy complications in two different strata of height (shorter and taller stratified by ethnic-specific median height).
| GDM-1999 | GDM-2013 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complications | Group | Events/Total | aOR (95% CI) | P | Events/Total | aOR (95% CI) | P |
| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancya | Shorter; no GDM | 77/2,036 | Ref. | 101/1,609 | Ref. | ||
| Shorter; GDM | 32/653 | 1.21 (0.78, 1.88) | 0.388 | 42/494 | 1.04 (0.68, 1.61) | 0.841 | |
| Taller; no GDM | 57/1,989 | Ref. | 81/1,566 | Ref. | |||
| Taller; GDM | 18/487 | 1.07 (0.62, 1.87) | 0.800 | 36/393 | 1.54 (0.96, 2.46) | 0.075 | |
| Preterm deliverya | Shorter; no GDM | 134/2,036 | Ref. | 101/1,610 | Ref. | ||
| Shorter; GDM | 60/653 | 1.39 (1.00, 1.93) | 0.047 | 49/495 | 1.56 (1.08, 2.26) | 0.017 | |
| Taller; no GDM | 96/1,988 | Ref. | 70/1,566 | Ref. | |||
| Taller; GDM | 40/487 | 1.76 (1.19, 2.61) | 0.004* | 29/394 | 1.69 (1.06, 2.68) | 0.026 | |
| Emergency cesarean sectionb | Shorter; no GDM | 314/2,033 | Ref. | 101/1,609 | Ref. | ||
| Shorter; GDM | 131/652 | 1.19 (0.94, 1.52) | 0.149 | 42/494 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.35) | 0.870 | |
| Taller; no GDM | 215/1,986 | Ref. | 81/1,566 | Ref. | |||
| Taller; GDM | 66/487 | 1.21 (0.88, 1.65) | 0.239 | 36/393 | 1.35 (0.97, 1.88) | 0.080 | |
| NICU admissionc | Shorter; no GDM | 132/2,036 | Ref. | 101/1,609 | Ref. | ||
| Shorter; GDM | 49/651 | 0.94 (0.63, 1.40) | 0.769 | 42/494 | 1.04 (0.68, 1.61) | 0.841 | |
| Taller; no GDM | 132/2,036 | Ref. | 81/1,566 | Ref. | |||
| Taller; GDM | 49/651 | 0.98 (0.62, 1.55) | 0.920 | 36/393 | 1.54 (0.96, 2.46) | 0.075 | |
| Macrosomiad | Shorter; no GDM | 24/2,036 | Ref. | 16/1,609 | Ref. | ||
| Shorter; with GDM | 4/651 | 0.56 (0.19, 1.63) | 0.286 | 4/494 | 0.80 (0.26, 2.49) | 0.702 | |
| Taller; no GDM | 40/1,988 | Ref. | 33/1,566 | Ref. | |||
| Taller; GDM | 17/486 | 1.85 (1.02, 3.36) | 0.044 | 13/393 | 1.97 (0.97, 3.98) | 0.060 | |
| Low birthweightd | Shorter; no GDM | 202/2,036 | Ref. | 157/1,609 | Ref. | ||
| Shorter; GDM | 74/651 | 0.99 (0.69, 1.42) | 0.945 | 60/494 | 1.00 (0.67, 1.50) | 0.987 | |
| Taller; no GDM | 124/1,988 | Ref. | 94/1,566 | Ref. | |||
| Taller; GDM | 33/486 | 0.66 (0.39, 1.10) | 0.108 | 28/393 | 0.71 (0.40, 1.25) | 0.231 | |
| n | aβ (95% CI) | P | n | aβ (95% CI) | P | ||
| Birthweight (continuous outcome; g)d | Shorter; no GDM | 2,036 | Ref. | 1,609 | Ref. | ||
| Shorter; GDM | 651 | 31.72 (0.10, 63.33) | 0.049 | 494 | 8.56 (-27.53, 44.66) | 0.642 | |
| Taller; no GDM | 1,988 | Ref. | 1,566 | Ref. | |||
| Taller; GDM | 486 | 57.16 (20.95, 93.38) | 0.002* | 393 | 42.03 (1.65, 82.41) | 0.041 |
Adjusted odds ratio or beta coefficients for GDM compared with no GDM.
Shorter and taller group stratified by ethnic-specific median maternal height.
a
Model 1: Adjusted for age, ethnicity, BMI, and parity
b
Model 2: Model 1 adjusted additionally for previous cesarean section
c
Model 3: Model 1 adjusted additionally for low birthweight <2.5 kg and gestational age
d
Model 4: Model 1 adjusted additionally for gestational age
*
A two-sided P value<0.007 (0.05/7 outcomes) was considered statistically significant to account for multiplicity.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; aβ, adjusted beta coefficient; GDM-1999, gestational diabetes diagnosed by WHO 1999 criteria; GDM-2013, gestational diabetes diagnosed by WHO 2013 criteria; NICU, neonatal intensive care units