Extended Data Fig. 5. Typical artifacts in ground truth recordings.

Calcium trace (ΔF/F), true action potentials (APs), inferred spiking activity (SR) and true ground truth spiking activity (GT). a, The baseline of this recording is unstable, exhibiting irregular bumps (arrowheads). The supervised deep network can learn to ignore these movement artifacts if their dynamics is dissimilar from the sharp onset of calcium transients. Predictions of the deep network are shown in black, ground truth in grey. Green arrowheads indicate movement artifacts that are not associated with high spiking acitivity (correct rejections of artifacts), while black arrowheads indicate movement artifacts that are not recognized as artifacts by the network (false positives). The zoom-in on the right shows an example where a movement artifact is associated with a negligeable spike rate (correct rejection). b, Fluorescence transients without corresponding action potentials are clearly visible (red arrowheads). These are induced by contamination through bright neuropil. The deep network is unable to distinguish this artifact from true calcium transients. c, Negative transients (arrowheads) are generated by standard neuropil decontamination (subtraction of the neuropil surround). The deep network can learn to partially ignore these events (correct rejections). d, Trace showing periodic movement artifacts that do not correspond to action potentials. e, A power spectral density of the recording in (d) exhibits a peak at ca. 1.5 Hz, suggesting breathing of the anaesthetized animal underlying the movement artifact.