Table 3. Change in students’ mean life satisfaction between 2015 and 2018, by SES.
| 2015 | 2018 | Change | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Mid | High | Low | Mid | High | Low | Mid | High | ||||
| B | S.E. | B | S.E. | B | S.E. | |||||||
| Scotland | 6.98 | 7.14 | 7.39 | 5.85 | 6.33 | 6.49 | −1.12*** | 0.15 | −0.81*** | 0.09 | −0.90*** | 0.12 |
| United Arab Emirates | 7.03 | 7.24 | 7.72 | 6.95 | 6.88 | 6.83 | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.36*** | 0.06 | −0.89*** | 0.12 |
| Qatar | 7.16 | 7.37 | 7.72 | 6.76 | 6.83 | 6.94 | −0.40*** | 0.07 | −0.54*** | 0.05 | −0.78*** | 0.06 |
| United Kingdom | 6.68 | 7.01 | 7.27 | 5.76 | 6.13 | 6.54 | −0.92*** | 0.09 | −0.88*** | 0.07 | −0.73*** | 0.08 |
| England | 6.63 | 7.00 | 7.25 | 5.71 | 6.09 | 6.52 | −0.91*** | 0.10 | −0.91*** | 0.09 | −0.72*** | 0.10 |
| Japan | 6.58 | 6.85 | 6.96 | 6.14 | 6.15 | 6.28 | −0.43*** | 0.10 | −0.70*** | 0.06 | −0.67*** | 0.10 |
| Ireland | 7.26 | 7.26 | 7.44 | 6.57 | 6.76 | 6.82 | −0.68*** | 0.10 | −0.49*** | 0.09 | −0.62*** | 0.08 |
| Iceland | 7.47 | 7.76 | 8.20 | 7.04 | 7.35 | 7.61 | −0.43** | 0.15 | −0.40*** | 0.09 | −0.60*** | 0.11 |
| Northern Ireland | 7.05 | 7.21 | 7.46 | 6.51 | 6.46 | 6.87 | −0.54*** | 0.16 | −0.75*** | 0.11 | −0.59*** | 0.16 |
| Wales | 6.93 | 7.14 | 7.39 | 5.98 | 6.51 | 6.80 | −0.94*** | 0.15 | −0.63*** | 0.09 | −0.58*** | 0.13 |
| United States | 7.00 | 7.37 | 7.66 | 6.39 | 6.74 | 7.08 | −0.60*** | 0.11 | −0.63*** | 0.07 | −0.58*** | 0.10 |
| Lithuania | 7.61 | 7.82 | 8.21 | 7.53 | 7.62 | 7.66 | −0.08 | 0.09 | −0.20** | 0.07 | −0.55*** | 0.10 |
| Macao | 6.33 | 6.62 | 6.80 | 5.77 | 6.13 | 6.26 | −0.56*** | 0.09 | −0.49*** | 0.06 | −0.54*** | 0.10 |
| Brazil | 7.73 | 7.53 | 7.56 | 7.12 | 7.04 | 7.04 | −0.61*** | 0.09 | −0.49*** | 0.06 | −0.53*** | 0.08 |
| Russia | 7.71 | 7.70 | 7.93 | 7.38 | 7.23 | 7.43 | −0.32** | 0.11 | −0.47*** | 0.07 | −0.50*** | 0.10 |
| Poland | 6.88 | 7.40 | 7.36 | 6.52 | 7.07 | 6.87 | −0.36*** | 0.10 | −0.46*** | 0.08 | −0.49*** | 0.11 |
| France | 7.40 | 7.62 | 7.89 | 6.89 | 7.19 | 7.45 | −0.51*** | 0.10 | −0.43*** | 0.06 | −0.45*** | 0.07 |
| Chile | 7.11 | 7.41 | 7.76 | 6.76 | 7.10 | 7.32 | −0.35** | 0.11 | −0.31*** | 0.07 | −0.44*** | 0.10 |
| Austria | 7.25 | 7.56 | 7.75 | 7.07 | 7.09 | 7.31 | −0.18 | 0.10 | −0.47*** | 0.09 | −0.44*** | 0.08 |
| Turkey | 5.96 | 6.11 | 6.28 | 5.33 | 5.63 | 5.87 | −0.64*** | 0.14 | −0.48*** | 0.11 | −0.41** | 0.13 |
| Germany | 7.08 | 7.38 | 7.57 | 6.87 | 7.01 | 7.19 | −0.21* | 0.11 | −0.36*** | 0.07 | −0.38*** | 0.10 |
| Switzerland | 7.65 | 7.67 | 7.88 | 7.32 | 7.32 | 7.52 | −0.33** | 0.11 | −0.35*** | 0.07 | −0.36*** | 0.08 |
| Costa Rica | 8.22 | 8.19 | 8.24 | 8.04 | 7.93 | 7.91 | −0.18 | 0.09 | −0.25*** | 0.06 | −0.33*** | 0.08 |
| Hong Kong | 6.23 | 6.45 | 6.79 | 6.00 | 6.31 | 6.47 | −0.23** | 0.09 | −0.14* | 0.06 | −0.32** | 0.10 |
| Estonia | 7.18 | 7.50 | 7.88 | 6.96 | 7.13 | 7.58 | −0.23* | 0.10 | −0.37*** | 0.07 | −0.30** | 0.10 |
| Slovenia | 7.20 | 7.15 | 7.21 | 6.84 | 6.83 | 6.91 | −0.36** | 0.13 | −0.32*** | 0.08 | −0.30* | 0.12 |
| Slovakia | 7.19 | 7.53 | 7.62 | 7.01 | 7.25 | 7.35 | −0.18 | 0.10 | −0.28*** | 0.07 | −0.28** | 0.09 |
| Bulgaria | 7.11 | 7.45 | 7.65 | 6.91 | 7.19 | 7.38 | −0.20 | 0.13 | −0.27*** | 0.08 | −0.27*** | 0.08 |
| Colombia | 8.02 | 7.85 | 7.77 | 7.79 | 7.59 | 7.49 | −0.23* | 0.10 | −0.26*** | 0.07 | −0.27** | 0.09 |
| Croatia | 7.79 | 7.93 | 7.95 | 7.56 | 7.76 | 7.68 | −0.24* | 0.09 | −0.17** | 0.06 | −0.27*** | 0.07 |
| Hungary | 6.86 | 7.16 | 7.55 | 6.91 | 7.15 | 7.28 | 0.04 | 0.12 | −0.01 | 0.08 | −0.27* | 0.11 |
| Netherlands | 7.85 | 7.82 | 7.82 | 7.54 | 7.46 | 7.56 | −0.31** | 0.10 | −0.36*** | 0.06 | −0.26*** | 0.07 |
| Peru | 7.57 | 7.49 | 7.45 | 7.42 | 7.32 | 7.20 | −0.15 | 0.12 | −0.16* | 0.07 | −0.25** | 0.09 |
| Finland | 7.69 | 7.86 | 8.15 | 7.26 | 7.65 | 7.89 | −0.43*** | 0.09 | −0.21*** | 0.05 | −0.25*** | 0.06 |
| Luxembourg | 7.19 | 7.32 | 7.69 | 6.72 | 6.98 | 7.47 | −0.48*** | 0.12 | −0.34*** | 0.06 | −0.22* | 0.09 |
| Latvia | 7.11 | 7.32 | 7.71 | 6.76 | 7.17 | 7.53 | −0.35** | 0.12 | −0.15* | 0.07 | −0.18* | 0.09 |
| Taiwan | 6.32 | 6.61 | 6.82 | 6.27 | 6.59 | 6.64 | −0.06 | 0.08 | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.18* | 0.08 |
| Czech Republic | 6.71 | 7.10 | 7.36 | 6.71 | 6.92 | 7.19 | 0.00 | 0.13 | −0.19* | 0.08 | −0.17* | 0.08 |
| Spain | 7.25 | 7.35 | 7.78 | 7.11 | 7.34 | 7.63 | −0.14* | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.06 | −0.14* | 0.06 |
| Mexico | 8.22 | 8.25 | 8.37 | 7.92 | 8.15 | 8.23 | −0.30** | 0.11 | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.13 | 0.07 |
| South Korea | 6.19 | 6.29 | 6.68 | 6.42 | 6.55 | 6.55 | 0.23* | 0.09 | 0.26*** | 0.08 | −0.12 | 0.09 |
| Greece | 6.67 | 6.96 | 7.10 | 6.92 | 7.01 | 7.02 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.09 | 0.10 |
| Portugal | 7.18 | 7.37 | 7.44 | 7.00 | 6.83 | 7.37 | −0.18 | 0.10 | −0.33*** | 0.06 | −0.07 | 0.09 |
| Uruguay | 7.48 | 7.69 | 7.94 | 7.20 | 7.53 | 7.90 | −0.28* | 0.13 | −0.17* | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.10 |
| Thailand | 7.79 | 7.72 | 7.55 | 7.65 | 7.65 | 7.56 | −0.14 | 0.10 | −0.06 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
| Montenegro | 7.59 | 7.81 | 7.78 | 7.49 | 7.74 | 7.79 | −0.11 | 0.10 | −0.07 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| Italy | 6.70 | 6.90 | 7.08 | 6.71 | 6.89 | 7.14 | 0.01 | 0.11 | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Notes: countries are ordered from greater to smaller change in mean life satisfaction among students of high SES in the period 2015–2018. Students of higher SES are those in the top 25% of the SES scale (PISA’s ESCS variable) in their country, students of low SES are those in the bottom 25% and the rest are considered students of mid SES
* p < .05, ** p < .01, and *** p < .001