Table 7. Change in the proportion of students reporting low life satisfaction between 2015 and 2018, by urbanity.
| 2015 | 2018 | Absolute Change | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <3 K | 3-15 K | 15-100 K | 100 K-1 M | >1 M | <3 K | 3-15 K | 15-100 K | 100 K-1 M | >1 M | <3 K Q Q | ||
| B | S.E. | |||||||||||
| England | 19.22% | 21.90% | 21.90% | 28.67% | 25.30% | 36.75% | 32.11% | 34.54% | 34.52% | 35.07% | 17.53%** | 0.05 |
| United Kingdom | 19.19% | 21.67% | 21.67% | 27.02% | 25.23% | 34.44% | 32.10% | 34.03% | 34.15% | 34.98% | 15.25%*** | 0.04 |
| Poland | 20.78% | 20.83% | 20.83% | 25.91% | 28.25% | 25.99% | 28.63% | 28.83% | 26.18% | 25.94% | 5.21%** | 0.02 |
| Wales | 21.47% | 22.59% | 22.59% | 23.39% | 27.09% | 30.63% | 31.50% | 33.29% | 5.62% | 0.04 | ||
| N. Ireland | 17.50% | 16.23% | 16.23% | 20.72% | 26.16% | 30.65% | 28.18% | 29.19% | 8.66% | 0.09 | ||
| Scotland | 16.85% | 21.41% | 21.41% | 20.07% | 35.51% | 33.43% | 31.18% | 33.25% | 18.66%*** | 0.03 | ||
| Ireland | 16.72% | 19.57% | 19.57% | 19.22% | 17.31% | 23.04% | 27.55% | 28.04% | 26.16% | 30.25% | 6.31%** | 0.02 |
| Russia | 14.99% | 16.21% | 16.21% | 17.18% | 18.20% | 16.86% | 22.03% | 24.22% | 23.74% | 25.01% | 1.87% | 0.03 |
| United States | 18.14% | 18.69% | 18.69% | 22.12% | 22.49% | 26.05% | 28.12% | 25.66% | 30.87% | 29.05% | 7.91%* | 0.04 |
| Chile | 23.85% | 17.66% | 17.66% | 24.08% | 21.63% | 28.68% | 21.15% | 24.14% | 26.15% | 24.92% | 4.83% | 0.11 |
| Germany | 17.79% | 17.79% | 16.45% | 17.74% | 19.33% | 21.15% | 22.15% | 19.86% | ||||
| Japan | 31.64% | 31.64% | 27.14% | 25.11% | 45.04% | 34.46% | 38.21% | 36.52% | ||||
| Brazil | 16.25% | 16.03% | 16.03% | 18.04% | 21.03% | 15.02% | 20.57% | 22.43% | 25.59% | 26.03% | −1.23% | 0.03 |
| Luxembourg | 20.41% | 20.41% | 17.14% | 23.23% | 25.67% | 22.16% | ||||||
| Slovenia | 15.73% | 21.26% | 21.26% | 21.84% | 18.38% | 28.18% | 28.13% | 23.96% | 2.65% | 0.04 | ||
| United Arab Emirates | 21.10% | 22.92% | 22.92% | 24.53% | 24.38% | 26.17% | 26.79% | 27.31% | 26.11% | 30.88% | 5.07% | 0.03 |
| France | 13.83% | 14.56% | 14.56% | 13.59% | 13.18% | 20.70% | 19.69% | 18.80% | 21.87% | 16.13% | 6.87% | 0.06 |
| Estonia | 17.69% | 17.81% | 17.81% | 18.02% | 20.77% | 23.20% | 20.92% | 19.49% | 3.08% | 0.02 | ||
| Turkey | 40.72% | 40.72% | 41.41% | 40.69% | 40.76% | 44.91% | 46.59% | 45.29% | ||||
| Finland | 13.97% | 11.18% | 11.18% | 10.65% | 15.73% | 16.25% | 14.77% | 14.72% | 1.76% | 0.03 | ||
| Latvia | 16.65% | 16.82% | 16.82% | 17.65% | 22.54% | 21.37% | 20.24% | 21.34% | 5.90%* | 0.02 | ||
| Slovakia | 20.58% | 16.51% | 16.51% | 23.73% | 22.61% | 18.78% | 22.17% | 22.89% | 2.03% | 0.03 | ||
| Croatia | 12.97% | 12.97% | 11.81% | 20.09% | 17.32% | 16.03% | 17.26% | 20.45% | ||||
| Netherlands | 9.26% | 9.26% | 6.65% | 7.45% | 8.66% | 9.74% | ||||||
| Iceland | 14.93% | 13.44% | 13.44% | 15.72% | 17.96% | 18.06% | 17.21% | 17.18% | 3.03% | 0.02 | ||
| Thailand | 18.07% | 15.13% | 15.13% | 19.51% | 14.91% | 16.73% | 20.14% | 20.84% | 20.48% | 18.79% | −1.34% | 0.02 |
| Qatar | 18.78% | 20.27% | 20.27% | 21.66% | 22.19% | 30.11% | 28.19% | 26.06% | 27.32% | 26.58% | 11.33%*** | 0.03 |
| Colombia | 13.60% | 15.32% | 15.32% | 17.67% | 19.57% | 15.73% | 14.32% | 17.73% | 19.12% | 22.03% | 2.13% | 0.02 |
| Portugal | 14.97% | 17.24% | 17.24% | 15.69% | 17.60% | 17.35% | 19.97% | 20.36% | 19.96% | 21.90% | 2.38% | 0.05 |
| Costa Rica | 12.27% | 9.52% | 9.52% | 12.21% | 14.84% | 13.78% | 13.42% | 15.45% | 2.56%* | 0.01 | ||
| Switzerland | 14.04% | 11.50% | 11.50% | 13.94% | 16.92% | 17.66% | 15.51% | 17.94% | 2.88% | 0.04 | ||
| Hungary | 20.39% | 20.39% | 18.85% | 22.17% | 20.98% | 23.77% | 23.01% | 21.52% | ||||
| Austria | 13.24% | 15.88% | 15.88% | 15.28% | 20.57% | 17.26% | 21.21% | 19.31% | 20.35% | 30.44% | 4.02% | 0.04 |
| Greece | 25.26% | 24.56% | 24.56% | 24.92% | 25.32% | 21.40% | 20.89% | 23.96% | 24.08% | 23.26% | −3.86% | 0.04 |
| Lithuania | 15.31% | 13.67% | 13.67% | 14.56% | 16.38% | 18.85% | 15.26% | 19.11% | 1.07% | 0.02 | ||
| Bulgaria | 22.68% | 23.01% | 23.01% | 21.50% | 19.17% | 17.16% | 23.97% | 22.03% | 24.49% | 24.99% | −5.52% | 0.05 |
| Montenegro | 15.49% | 15.49% | 19.38% | 19.85% | 19.13% | 20.87% | ||||||
| Mexico | 14.75% | 12.71% | 12.71% | 11.01% | 10.48% | 9.50% | 12.06% | 10.97% | 10.85% | 12.29% | −5.25%** | 0.02 |
| Peru | 22.88% | 18.90% | 18.90% | 21.18% | 16.48% | 14.71% | 20.79% | 22.50% | 21.78% | 24.15% | −8.17%*** | 0.02 |
| Taiwan | 27.96% | 32.13% | 32.13% | 31.93% | 30.82% | 34.84% | 33.58% | 32.38% | 31.09% | 32.22% | 6.89% | 0.07 |
| Czech Republic | 31.02% | 22.21% | 22.21% | 22.94% | 24.00% | 25.14% | 24.45% | 24.43% | 25.60% | 29.23% | −5.88% | 0.05 |
| Uruguay | 13.57% | 17.69% | 17.69% | 14.10% | 18.24% | 17.42% | 16.34% | 16.52% | 17.34% | 18.67% | 3.85% | 0.03 |
| Spain | 14.15% | 15.26% | 15.26% | 15.61% | 16.25% | 17.33% | 16.50% | 17.20% | 17.20% | 18.75% | 3.18% | 0.03 |
| Italy | 17.74% | 24.50% | 24.50% | 22.06% | 22.84% | 16.99% | 22.58% | 21.48% | 22.18% | 26.08% | −0.74% | 0.03 |
| South Korea | 29.96% | 29.96% | 34.88% | 33.69% | 35.99% | 30.52% | 33.45% | 32.53% | ||||
| Hong Kong | ||||||||||||
| Macao | ||||||||||||
| Absolute Change | Relative Change | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-15 K Q Q | 15-100 K Q Q | 100 K-1 M Q Q | >1 M Q Q | <3 K | 3-15 K | 15-100 K | 100 K-1 M | >1 M | |||||
| B | S.E. | B | S.E. | B | S.E. | B | S.E. | ||||||
| England | 10.22%*** | 0.03 | 10.53%*** | 0.02 | 5.85%* | 0.03 | 9.77%* | 0.04 | 91.19% | 46.66% | 48.08% | 20.40% | 38.61% |
| United Kingdom | 10.43%*** | 0.02 | 10.25%*** | 0.02 | 7.13%*** | 0.02 | 9.75%* | 0.04 | 79.44% | 48.15% | 47.33% | 26.39% | 38.66% |
| Poland | 7.80%*** | 0.02 | 9.87%*** | 0.02 | 0.27% | 0.02 | −2.30% | 0.04 | 25.10% | 37.45% | 47.39% | 1.04% | −8.16% |
| Wales | 8.04%** | 0.02 | 9.25%*** | 0.02 | 9.90%*** | 0.02 | 26.17% | 35.57% | 40.96% | 42.31% | |||
| N. Ireland | 14.42%*** | 0.03 | 8.74%** | 0.03 | 8.47%** | 0.03 | 49.49% | 88.83% | 53.86% | 40.86% | |||
| Scotland | 12.01%*** | 0.02 | 7.81%*** | 0.02 | 13.19%*** | 0.03 | 110.76% | 56.11% | 36.46% | 65.72% | |||
| Ireland | 7.98%*** | 0.02 | 7.76%*** | 0.02 | 6.95%** | 0.03 | 12.94%*** | 0.02 | 37.76% | 40.77% | 39.65% | 36.16% | 74.75% |
| Russia | 5.82%** | 0.02 | 7.58%*** | 0.02 | 6.56%*** | 0.02 | 6.81%*** | 0.02 | 12.46% | 35.91% | 46.75% | 38.16% | 37.43% |
| United States | 9.43%*** | 0.03 | 7.11%*** | 0.02 | 8.75%*** | 0.02 | 6.56%* | 0.03 | 43.61% | 50.44% | 38.06% | 39.55% | 29.15% |
| Chile | 3.50% | 0.03 | 6.27%*** | 0.02 | 2.07% | 0.02 | 3.29%* | 0.02 | 20.25% | 19.81% | 35.52% | 8.60% | 15.24% |
| Germany | 1.54% | 0.02 | 6.14%*** | 0.02 | 5.70%* | 0.02 | 2.12% | 0.04 | 8.67% | 34.49% | 34.67% | 11.95% | |
| Japan | 13.40%** | 0.05 | 6.04%** | 0.02 | 11.07%*** | 0.01 | 11.41%*** | 0.02 | 42.36% | 19.08% | 40.81% | 45.46% | |
| Brazil | 4.54%* | 0.02 | 5.97%*** | 0.01 | 7.55%*** | 0.01 | 5.01%** | 0.02 | −7.58% | 28.31% | 37.24% | 41.82% | 23.80% |
| Luxembourg | 2.82%* | 0.01 | 5.85%*** | 0.02 | 5.02%*** | 0.01 | 13.80% | 28.65% | 29.26% | ||||
| Slovenia | 6.92%*** | 0.02 | 5.83%*** | 0.01 | 2.11% | 0.02 | 16.86% | 32.57% | 27.43% | 9.67% | |||
| United Arab Emirates | 3.87%* | 0.02 | 4.91%** | 0.02 | 1.58% | 0.01 | 6.50%*** | 0.02 | 24.01% | 16.88% | 21.42% | 6.44% | 26.65% |
| France | 5.13%** | 0.02 | 4.76%*** | 0.01 | 8.28%*** | 0.02 | 2.95% | 0.03 | 49.67% | 35.27% | 32.67% | 60.95% | 22.42% |
| Estonia | 5.39%** | 0.02 | 4.40%*** | 0.01 | 1.47% | 0.01 | 17.40% | 30.24% | 24.68% | 8.16% | |||
| Turkey | 0.04% | 0.05 | 4.06% | 0.02 | 5.18%* | 0.03 | 4.60%** | 0.02 | 0.10% | 9.96% | 12.52% | 11.30% | |
| Finland | 5.07%*** | 0.01 | 3.92%*** | 0.01 | 4.07%** | 0.01 | 12.61% | 45.34% | 35.10% | 38.20% | |||
| Latvia | 4.54%** | 0.02 | 3.71%* | 0.02 | 3.69%* | 0.01 | 35.43% | 27.02% | 22.07% | 20.91% | |||
| Slovakia | 2.27% | 0.02 | 3.26%** | 0.01 | −0.84% | 0.03 | 9.84% | 13.77% | 19.78% | −3.53% | |||
| Croatia | 4.35%** | 0.02 | 2.82%** | 0.01 | 5.46%*** | 0.01 | 0.35% | 0.03 | 33.58% | 21.75% | 46.20% | 1.76% | |
| Netherlands | −1.81% | 0.02 | 2.72%*** | 0.01 | 3.09%* | 0.01 | −19.59% | 29.38% | 46.45% | ||||
| Iceland | 4.62%* | 0.02 | 2.54% | 0.02 | 1.46% | 0.02 | 20.27% | 34.42% | 18.90% | 9.31% | |||
| Thailand | 5.00%** | 0.02 | 2.33% | 0.02 | 0.97% | 0.03 | 3.88% | 0.03 | −7.43% | 33.06% | 15.38% | 4.98% | 26.02% |
| Qatar | 7.92%*** | 0.01 | 2.29% | 0.01 | 5.66%*** | 0.01 | 4.40%** | 0.01 | 60.35% | 39.05% | 11.27% | 26.15% | 19.82% |
| Colombia | −1.00% | 0.03 | 2.12% | 0.02 | 1.45% | 0.02 | 2.45% | 0.01 | 15.62% | −6.53% | 13.83% | 8.23% | 12.54% |
| Portugal | 2.73% | 0.02 | 2.03% | 0.01 | 4.27%* | 0.02 | 4.30% | 0.06 | 15.88% | 15.82% | 11.80% | 27.23% | 24.45% |
| Costa Rica | 4.26%*** | 0.01 | 1.94% | 0.01 | 3.24% | 0.02 | 20.89% | 44.79% | 20.37% | 26.55% | |||
| Switzerland | 6.16%*** | 0.01 | 1.55% | 0.02 | 4.01% | 0.02 | 20.48% | 53.58% | 13.49% | 28.74% | |||
| Hungary | 0.58% | 0.02 | 1.45% | 0.02 | 4.16% | 0.02 | −0.65% | 0.03 | 2.86% | 7.10% | 22.08% | −2.93% | |
| Austria | 5.33%** | 0.02 | 1.43% | 0.02 | 5.07%** | 0.02 | 9.87%*** | 0.02 | 30.39% | 33.56% | 8.99% | 33.21% | 48.01% |
| Greece | −3.67% | 0.02 | 1.21% | 0.02 | −0.84% | 0.02 | −2.06% | 0.03 | −15.29% | −14.93% | 4.95% | −3.36% | −8.12% |
| Lithuania | 5.18%*** | 0.01 | 1.21% | 0.01 | 4.54%*** | 0.01 | 6.97% | 37.90% | 8.86% | 31.21% | |||
| Bulgaria | 0.97% | 0.02 | 1.14% | 0.02 | 2.99% | 0.02 | 5.82%*** | 0.01 | −24.34% | 4.20% | 4.94% | 13.92% | 30.35% |
| Montenegro | 4.35%* | 0.02 | 1.12% | 0.01 | 1.49% | 0.01 | 28.10% | 7.25% | 7.66% | ||||
| Mexico | −0.65% | 0.02 | 0.74% | 0.01 | −0.16% | 0.01 | 1.80% | 0.01 | −35.57% | −5.09% | 5.85% | −1.44% | 17.20% |
| Peru | 1.90% | 0.01 | 0.71% | 0.02 | 0.59% | 0.02 | 7.67% | 0.04 | −35.72% | 10.03% | 3.78% | 2.80% | 46.53% |
| Taiwan | 1.45% | 0.03 | 0.60% | 0.02 | −0.85% | 0.02 | 1.40% | 0.01 | 24.63% | 4.53% | 1.87% | −2.66% | 4.53% |
| Czech Republic | 2.24% | 0.02 | 0.35% | 0.02 | 2.66% | 0.03 | 5.23% | 0.03 | −18.96% | 10.09% | 1.58% | 11.59% | 21.79% |
| Uruguay | −1.35% | 0.02 | 0.05% | 0.02 | 3.24% | 0.02 | 0.43% | 0.02 | 28.39% | −7.66% | 0.27% | 22.96% | 2.35% |
| Spain | 1.24% | 0.01 | 0.03% | 0.01 | 1.59% | 0.01 | 2.50% | 0.02 | 22.48% | 8.15% | 0.23% | 10.17% | 15.36% |
| Italy | −1.92% | 0.02 | −3.46%** | 0.01 | 0.12% | 0.02 | 3.25% | 0.04 | −4.19% | −7.82% | −14.12% | 0.52% | 14.23% |
| South Korea | 6.03% | 0.07 | −3.98% | 0.03 | −1.43% | 0.02 | −1.16% | 0.02 | 20.13% | −13.29% | −4.10% | −3.45% | |
| Hong Kong | |||||||||||||
| Macao | |||||||||||||
Notes: countries are ordered from greater to smaller absolute change in the % of students reporting low satisfaction (i.e. 5 points or less in the 0 to 10 life satisfaction scale) between 2015 and 2018 in schools located in municipalities with a population between 15,000 and 100,000 people
Comparisons involving categories with less than 50 observations were excluded from the analysis due to small sample size.
* p < .05, ** p < .01, and *** p < .001