Table 3. Risk ratios for severe COVID-19 by occupational groups (n=120,075).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe COVID-19 | RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] |
| Broad occupational groups of essential workers | ||||||
| Non-essential workers (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Healthcare workers | 7.43*** [5.52,10.00] | 8.45*** [6.22,11.47] | 7.57*** [5.50,10.41] | 8.44*** [6.21,11.46] | 8.53*** [6.29,11.58] | 7.69*** [5.58,10.60] |
| Social and education workers | 1.84** [1.21,2.82] | 2.00** [1.30,3.08] | 1.90** [1.22,2.94] | 1.99** [1.29,3.06] | 1.97** [1.28,3.03] | 1.88** [1.21,2.91] |
| Other essential workers | 1.60* [1.05,2.45] | 1.30 [0.85,1.98] | 1.17 [0.76,1.80] | 1.30 [0.85,1.98] | 1.27 [0.83,1.94] | 1.15 [0.75,1.77] |
| Detailed occupational groups of essential workers | ||||||
| Non-essential workers (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Healthcare professionals | 6.19*** [3.68,10.43] | 8.62*** [4.98,14.94] | 8.26*** [4.77,14.28] | 8.70*** [5.02,15.06] | 9.33*** [5.40,16.14] | 8.99*** [5.20,15.54] |
| Medical support staff | 8.70*** [4.87,15.55] | 7.43*** [4.17,13.25] | 6.48*** [3.62,11.58] | 7.39*** [4.13,13.19] | 7.33*** [4.13,13.02] | 6.42*** [3.60,11.45] |
| Health associate professionals | 7.53*** [5.44,10.43] | 8.54*** [6.13,11.90] | 7.61*** [5.33,10.87] | 8.52*** [6.11,11.88] | 8.54*** [6.12,11.92] | 7.65*** [5.34,10.95] |
| Social care workers | 2.46*** [1.47,4.14] | 2.38** [1.42,4.00] | 2.19** [1.29,3.72] | 2.36** [1.40,3.97] | 2.31** [1.37,3.88] | 2.13** [1.25,3.63] |
| Education workers | 1.36 [0.75,2.48] | 1.61 [0.88,2.96] | 1.59 [0.86,2.92] | 1.61 [0.88,2.95] | 1.62 [0.88,2.96] | 1.59 [0.87,2.91] |
| Food workers | 1.12 [0.52,2.42] | 0.93 [0.43,1.98] | 0.85 [0.40,1.83] | 0.93 [0.43,1.98] | 0.92 [0.43,1.96] | 0.84 [0.39,1.80] |
| Transport workers | 2.20** [1.21,4.00] | 1.66 [0.91,3.01] | 1.48 [0.81,2.70] | 1.66 [0.91,3.01] | 1.58 [0.87,2.90] | 1.43 [0.78,2.63] |
| Police and protective service workers | 1.55 [0.72,3.32] | 1.36 [0.63,2.93] | 1.21 [0.56,2.64] | 1.35 [0.62,2.92] | 1.32 [0.61,2.86] | 1.19 [0.55,2.58] |
| SOC 2000 major occupational groups | ||||||
| Managers and Senior Officials (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Professional Occupations | 1.36 [0.85,2.18] | 1.47 [0.91,2.36] | 1.49 [0.92,2.41] | 1.47 [0.91,2.36] | 1.51 [0.94,2.43] | 1.53 [0.95,2.48] |
| Associate Professional and Technical Occupations | 3.19*** [2.10,4.85] | 3.11*** [2.05,4.72] | 2.73*** [1.77,4.23] | 3.10*** [2.04,4.71] | 3.15*** [2.08,4.79] | 2.78*** [1.79,4.29] |
| Administrative and Secretarial Occupations | 1.24 [0.73,2.12] | 1.14 [0.67,1.95] | 1.22 [0.71,2.11] | 1.14 [0.67,1.94] | 1.17 [0.68,2.00] | 1.24 [0.72,2.15] |
| Skilled Trades Occupations | 0.82 [0.39,1.74] | 0.67 [0.31,1.44] | 0.49 [0.22,1.06] | 0.68 [0.32,1.45] | 0.69 [0.32,1.49] | 0.50 [0.23,1.09] |
| Personal Service Occupations | 2.73*** [1.56,4.76] | 2.31** [1.32,4.03] | 1.75 [0.99,3.10] | 2.29** [1.32,4.00] | 2.33** [1.34,4.06] | 1.77 [1.00,3.13] |
| Sales and Customer Service Occupations | 1.36 [0.59,3.17] | 1.09 [0.46,2.57] | 0.91 [0.38,2.18] | 1.08 [0.46,2.55] | 1.08 [0.46,2.56] | 0.90 [0.38,2.16] |
| Process, Plant and Machine Operatives | 2.39** [1.31,4.36] | 1.82 [0.99,3.34] | 1.25 [0.66,2.36] | 1.81 [0.99,3.33] | 1.81 [0.99,3.34] | 1.26 [0.67,2.37] |
| Elementary Occupations | 1.76 [0.92,3.34] | 1.29 [0.65,2.53] | 0.87 [0.43,1.75] | 1.28 [0.65,2.52] | 1.31 [0.67,2.59] | 0.89 [0.44,1.79] |
| Observations | 120075 | 120075 | 120075 | 120075 | 120075 | 120075 |
CI=confidence interval; RR=risk ratio
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001
Coefficients for the covariates not shown.
Model 1: Adjusted for age group, sex, ethnicity, country of birth
Model 2: Model 1 + socioeconomic deprivation quartile, education level
Model 3: Model 2 + shift work, manual work, job tenure, working hours
Model 4: Model 2 + number of chronic conditions, long-standing illness/disability
Model 5: Model 2 + BMI category, smoking status, alcohol consumption
Model 6: All above covariates