| Maternal age at child’s birth (years) |
976 |
30.9(27.4-34.6) |
| Ethnicity |
976 |
|
| Chinese |
532 |
54.5% |
| Indian |
183 |
18.8% |
| Malay |
261 |
26.7% |
| Education |
963 |
|
| ≥ 12 years of education |
668 |
69.4% |
| < 12 years of education |
295 |
30.6% |
| Maternal history of allergy (eczema, rhinitis and/or asthma) |
949 |
|
| Yes |
369 |
38.9% |
| No |
580 |
61.1% |
| Parity |
976 |
|
| Parous |
562 |
57.6% |
| Nulliparous |
414 |
42.4% |
| Household income |
913 |
|
| 0-999 |
17 |
1.9% |
| 1000-1999 |
127 |
13.9% |
| 2000-3999 |
282 |
30.9% |
| 4000-5999 |
231 |
25.3% |
| >=6000 |
256 |
28.0% |
| Smoking status |
971 |
|
| Current or ever smoker |
130 |
13.4% |
| Non smoker |
841 |
86.6% |
| Caesarean delivery |
976 |
|
| Yes |
288 |
29.5% |
| No |
688 |
70.5% |
| Supplements |
879 |
2(1-3) |
| Maternal serum metabolite concentrations in late pregnancy |
|
|
| N1-methylnicotinamide (nmol/L) |
976 |
257.50(195.00-329.00) |
| Nicotinamide (nmol/L) |
976 |
184.00 (124.00-252.00) |
| Trigonelline (μmol/L) |
976 |
0.14(0.09-0.27) |
| 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid (nmol/L) |
976 |
69.75(59.70-82.20) |
| 3-Hydroxykynurenine (nmol/L) |
976 |
46.15(36.73-58.90) |
| Anthranilic acid (nmol/L) |
976 |
10.60(8.78-12.70) |
| Kynurenic acid (nmol/L) |
976 |
16.90(13.70-21.60) |
| Kynurenine (μmol/L) |
976 |
1.02 (0.87-1.16) |
| Quinolinic acid (nmol/L) |
976 |
369.00 (316.00-431.75) |
| Tryptophan (μmol/L) |
976 |
46.60(41.00-51.88) |
| Xanthurenic acid (nmol/L) |
976 |
10.30(6.80-15.08) |
| Infant Sex |
976 |
|
| Male |
507 |
51.9% |
| Female |
469 |
48.1% |
| Birth weight (kg) |
930 |
3.1 (0.4) |
| Use of antibiotics |
727 |
|
| Yes |
335 |
46.1% |
| No |
392 |
53.9% |
| Type of milk feed |
910 |
|
| Mainly formula feed |
407 |
44.7% |
| Mixed feeding |
394 |
43.3% |
| Mainly breastfeeding |
109 |
12.0% |
| Eczema by 6 months |
817 |
|
| Yes |
74 |
9.1% |
| No |
743 |
90.9% |
| Eczema by 12 months |
765 |
|
| Yes |
107 |
14.0% |
| No |
658 |
86.0% |
| Eczema by 18 months |
699 |
|
| Yes |
157 |
22.5% |
| No |
542 |
77.5% |
| Itchy rash by 6 months |
829 |
|
| Yes |
197 |
23.8% |
| No |
632 |
76.2% |
| Itchy rash by 12 months |
783 |
|
| Yes |
253 |
32.3% |
| No |
530 |
67.7% |
| Itchy rash by 18 months |
747 |
|
| Yes |
374 |
50.1% |
| No |
373 |
49.9% |
| Wheeze by 6 months |
828 |
|
| Yes |
26 |
3.1% |
| No |
802 |
96.9% |
| Wheeze by 12 months |
720 |
|
| Yes |
69 |
9.6% |
| No |
651 |
90.4% |
| Wheeze by 18 months |
666 |
|
| Yes |
97 |
14.6% |
| No |
569 |
85.4% |
| Rhinitis by 6 months |
835 |
|
| Yes |
230 |
27.5% |
| No |
605 |
72.5% |
| Rhinitis by 12 months |
772 |
|
| Yes |
329 |
42.6% |
| No |
443 |
57.4% |
| Rhinitis by 18 months |
742 |
|
| Yes |
390 |
52.6% |
| No |
352 |
47.4% |
| SPT by 18 months |
749 |
|
| Positive |
105 |
14.0% |
| Negative |
644 |
86.0% |
