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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Exp Allergy. 2021 Jun 24;51(10):1346–1360. doi: 10.1111/cea.13953

Table 3. Multivariate associations between all maternal plasma metabolites and itchy rash by 6, 12 and 18 months in the offspring.

  6 months (n=792) 12 months (n=747) 18 months (n=707)
RR (95% CI) p-value * RR (95% CI) p-value * RR (95% CI) p-value *
N1-methylnicotinamide   0.359   0.685   0.643
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.88(0.57 – 1.36) 0.563 0.98(0.67 – 1.45) 0.926 1.1(0.8 – 1.5) 0.489
   3rd 0.81(0.51 – 1.28) 0.369 0.92(0.62 – 1.38) 0.684 0.93(0.66 – 1.30) 0.660
   Highest 0.79(0.48 – 1.30) 0.358 0.92(0.59 – 1.42) 0.693 0.94(0.65 – 1.36) 0.757
Nicotinamide   0.002   0.011   0.042
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.1(0.7 – 1.8) 0.605 0.94(0.63 – 1.43) 0.782 1.0(0.7 – 1.4) 0.985
   3rd 1.5(0.9 – 2.4) 0.102 1.3(0.9 – 1.9) 0.199 1.1(0.8 – 1.5) 0.567
   Highest 2.0(1.2 – 3.2) 0.006 1.6(1.0 – 2.4) 0.037 1.4(1.0 – 1.9) 0.074
Trigonelline   0.433   0.684   0.587
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.1(0.7 – 1.6) 0.725 1.2(0.8 – 1.7) 0.373 1.1(0.8 – 1.5) 0.627
   3rd 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.982 1.1(0.7 – 1.5) 0.784 1.1(0.8 – 1.5) 0.416
   Highest 0.82(0.51 – 1.32) 0.414 0.94(0.62 – 1.43) 0.774 1.1(0.8 – 1.5) 0.577
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid   0.352   0.768   0.540
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.79(0.50 – 1.24) 0.299 0.87(0.59 – 1.29) 0.490 0.94(0.68 – 1.29) 0.703
   3rd 0.93(0.59 – 1.47) 0.761 0.99(0.66 – 1.49) 0.973 0.98(0.70 – 1.37) 0.913
   Highest 0.72(0.43 – 1.23) 0.229 0.89(0.56 – 1.41) 0.606 0.89(0.61 – 1.30) 0.540
3-Hydroxykynurenine   0.044   0.147   0.752
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.4(0.9 – 2.2) 0.193 1.2(0.8 – 1.8) 0.308 1.1(0.8 – 1.5) 0.641
   3rd 1.8(1.1 – 2.8) 0.017 1.5(1.0 – 2.2) 0.072 1.2(0.8 – 1.7) 0.330
   Highest 1.6(1.0 – 2.7) 0.071 1.4(0.9 – 2.2) 0.190 1.1(0.8 – 1.6) 0.614
Anthranilic acid   0.780   0.738   0.395
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.86(0.55 – 1.32) 0.484 0.85(0.58 – 1.25) 0.407 0.76(0.55 – 1.04) 0.085
   3rd 0.79(0.50 – 1.27) 0.333 0.76(0.50 – 1.14) 0.182 0.84(0.61 – 1.16) 0.302
   Highest 0.95(0.59 – 1.52) 0.818 0.96(0.64 – 1.45) 0.849 0.85(0.60 – 1.19) 0.334
Kynurenic acid   0.413   0.844   0.851
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.1(0.7 – 1.8) 0.670 1.0(0.7 – 1.6) 0.849 0.86(0.61 – 1.22) 0.395
   3rd 1.4(0.8 – 2.5) 0.209 1.2(0.7 – 1.9) 0.487 0.97(0.66 – 1.42) 0.861
   Highest 1.4(0.7 – 2.6) 0.336 1.1(0.6 – 1.9) 0.728 0.99(0.63 – 1.55) 0.965
Kynurenine   0.435   0.438   0.562
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.92(0.58 – 1.45) 0.711 0.95(0.64 – 1.42) 0.803 0.86(0.62 – 1.19) 0.361
   3rd 0.99(0.60 – 1.62) 0.951 1.0(0.7 – 1.6) 0.921 0.87(0.61 – 1.26) 0.466
   Highest 0.75(0.41 – 1.36) 0.346 0.78(0.46 – 1.32) 0.348 0.83(0.54 – 1.28) 0.403
Quinolinic acid   0.292   0.536   0.339
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.93(0.58 – 1.48) 0.755 0.83(0.55 – 1.25) 0.368 0.89(0.64 – 1.25) 0.509
   3rd 1.1(0.7 – 1.9) 0.682 0.97(0.62 – 1.52) 0.908 1.2(0.9 – 1.8) 0.269
   Highest 1.3(0.7 – 2.2) 0.435 1.1(0.7 – 1.8) 0.743 1.1(0.7 – 1.7) 0.649
Tryptophan   0.208   0.363   0.921
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 1.0(0.6 – 1.5) 0.983 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.992 1.2(0.9 – 1.7) 0.241
   3rd 0.84(0.53 – 1.36) 0.480 0.94(0.62 – 1.42) 0.758 1.1(0.8 – 1.6) 0.571
   Highest 0.74(0.45 – 1.22) 0.238 0.82(0.53 – 1.28) 0.381 1.1(0.7 – 1.5) 0.695
Xanthurenic acid   0.776   0.881   0.709
   Lowest 1.0   1.0   1.0  
   2nd 0.97(0.61 – 1.55) 0.896 0.93(0.62 – 1.40) 0.735 1.1(0.8 – 1.5) 0.609
   3rd 0.83(0.49 – 1.42) 0.500 0.88(0.55 – 1.40) 0.578 1.0(0.7 – 1.5) 0.989
   Highest 0.91(0.49 – 1.68) 0.759 0.95(0.55 – 1.64) 0.849 1.1(0.7 – 1.7) 0.762

RR = 1.0 is the reference category.

p values of trend of metabolites in italics

Benjamini-Hochberg correction with false discovery rate at 0.20 and n=132 was applied. No associations were significant after correction.

*

Adjusted for ethnicity, maternal history of allergy, parity and type of milk feed